Table 1:

Comparison of Persons with Schizophrenia in Two Residential Settings

	Residing in Residential Care Facilities			Residing with someone in a house or apartment			t / X2	df	p	Cohen’s d
	N	Mean or %	Std Dev	N	Mean or %	Std Dev
Sociodemographic Variables
Age (years)	100	51.1	10.2	76	51.1	12.0	−0.005	174	1.00	<0.01
Sex (% women)		34.0			46.1		2.63	1	0.11
Race (%)							2.45	3	0.48
Caucasian		54.0			47.4
African-American		16.0			18.4
Hispanic		21.0			28.9
Other		9.0			5.3
Education (years)	100	12.1	1.7	76	12.5	2.8	−0.986	115.2	0.33	−0.15
Ever married (% yes)		32.0			57.9		11.8	1	0.001
Current marital status (%)							27.8	2	<0.001
Married or Co-habitating		1.0			25.3
Single		69.4			41.3
Separated/divorced/widowed		29.6			33.3
Current smoking (packs per day)	100	0.55	0.60	74	0.31	0.51	2.70	172	0.008	0.42
Psychopathology
Age of illness onset (years)	95	24.4	9.44	76	26.5	12.23	−1.24	138.5	0.22	−0.19
Antipsychotic daily dose	88	2.10	1.43	69	1.20	1.24	4.15	155	<0.001	0.67
Positive Symptoms (SAPS)†	73	5.99	4.11	43	6.53	4.22	−0.69	114	0.49	−0.13
Negative Symptoms (SANS)†	73	7.70	4.82	43	6.40	3.80	1.52	114	0.13	0.30
Cognition
Executive Functioning (D-KEFS)†	73	−0.65	0.69	43	−0.37	0.79	−2.00	114	0.05	−0.38
Mental health
Depression (CDRS)†	72	2.33	3.11	43	4.09	3.72	−2.60	76.5	0.01	−0.51
Perceived Stress†	71	17.4	6.07	43	19.6	6.43	−1.89	112	0.06	−0.36
Optimism (LOT-R)†	71	20.7	3.67	43	19.6	4.17	1.46	112	0.15	0.28
Resilience (CD-RISC)†	70	23.6	8.08	43	22.4	7.98	0.83	111	0.41	0.16
Mental Well-being (SF-36)	93	47.1	10.3	71	43.6	11.51	2.02	162	0.05	0.32
Everyday Functioning (UPSA)	69	64.3	17.6	42	71.0	21.3	−1.80	109	0.07	−0.34
Happiness (CESD-H)†	71	7.90	3.30	43	6.56	3.50	2.06	112	0.04	0.39
Physical health
Physical well-being (SF-36)	93	42.9	9.26	71	43.1	11.6	−0.16	162	0.88	−0.02
Physical comorbidity (CIRS)	94	7.00	4.42	75	6.16	4.67	1.20	167	0.23	0.18
Framingham Risk Score (CHD)	87	1.77	1.01	64	1.40	0.92	2.27	149	0.02	0.53
BMI (Kg/m2)	98	30.6	6.6	74	33.5	8.1	−2.56	170	0.01	−0.39
Biomarkers of Aging (Metabolic)
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	93	106.0	51.8	67	115.1	59.1	−1.20	158	0.23	−0.19
Fasting insulin (mIU/L)	91	14.9	15.2	65	17.1	16.8	−0.93	154	0.35	−0.15
Hemoglobin A1C (%)	80	6.01	1.28	69	5.99	1.40	0.24	147	0.81	0.04
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	96	42.8	12.1	71	49.1	16.6	−2.28	134.7	0.02	−0.36
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	93	101.3	35.7	69	106.0	31.7	−1.27	159.5	0.21	−0.20
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	96	163.2	100.5	71	160.0	99.6	0.34	165	0.73	0.05
Biomarkers of Aging (Inflammatory)
CRP (mg/L)†	97	6.4	15.8	73	4.7	8.9	1.49	168	0.14	0.33
TNF-α (pg/mL)†	72	3.17	1.19	41	3.08	1.18	0.26	111	0.80	0.05
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)†	72	1.06	0.98	41	1.29	0.98	−1.42	111	0.16	−0.27

Abbreviations: SAPS/SANS= Assessment of Positive Symptoms and Negative Symptoms; CDRS = Calgary Depression Rating Scale; CHD = Coronary Heart Disease. LOT-R = Life Orientation Test-Revised; CD-RISC = Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10-item; D-KEFS = Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System, SF-36-Short-Form Health Survey; UPSA = UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment; CESD-H = Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression; Happiness Scale; CIRS = Cumulative Illness Rating Scale; BMI = body mass index; mg/dL = milligrams per deciliter; mIU/L = milli-international units per liter; HDL = High-density lipoprotein; LDL = Low-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP = high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein; pg/mL = picograms per milliliter; TNF = Tumor Necrosis Factor

For the following scales, higher scores reflect better functioning/performance: D-KEFS, LOT-R, CD-RISC, SF-36, UPSA, CESD-H For the following scales, higher scores reflect worse functioning/performance: SAPS, SANS, CDRS, Perceived Stress, CIRS

† Only assessed in the participants in Study 2 (Accelerated biological aging in schizophrenia)