Table 5. Summary of the literature.

Author/year	Article type	Title	Main points
Van Zele and Bachert 2011 [28]	Review	Endoscopic skull base reconstruction after endoscopic endonasal approach	Nasoseptal flaps have significantly reduced morbidity and postoperative risk of CSF leaks after EEA.
Eloy et al. 2012 [29]	Retrospective review	Salvage endoscopic nasoseptal flap repair of persistent cerebrospinal fluid leak after open skull base surgery	Persistent CSF rhinorrhea can be safely repaired using nasoseptal flap in previous open skull base surgical patients.
Learned et al. 2013 [32]	Retrospective review	MR imaging evaluation of endoscopic cranial base reconstruction with pedicled nasoseptal flap following endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery	Non-enhancing mucosal gap or displacement of nasoseptal flap may indicate incomplete defect coverage, identifying patients at risk for CSF leak.
Husain et al. 2013 [30]	Retrospective review	Assessment of mucocele formation after endoscopic nasoseptal flap reconstruction of skull base defects	Nasoseptal flaps are efficient for skull base repairs. Although they carry risk of mucocele formation, removal of mucosa from flap placement site resulted in a 0% incidence of postoperative mucocele formation in this cohort.
Eloy et al. 2013 [33]	Case series	Double flap technique for reconstruction of anterior skull base defects after craniofacial tumor resection: technical note	Double flap skull base reconstruction provides barrier of vascularized tissue to prevent CSF leaks; this technique is viable if endoscopic resection with anticipated postoperative radiation.
Thorp et al. 2014 [11]	Retrospective review	Endoscopic skull base reconstruction: a review and clinical case series of 152 vascularized flaps used for surgical skull base defects in the setting of intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak	Larger skull base defects with high intraoperative CSF flow require thoughtful approach and consideration for vascularized repair.
Hara et al. 2015 [34]	Retrospective review	Cranial base repair using suturing technique combined with a mucosal flap for cerebrospinal fluid leakage during endoscopic endonasal surgery	Graded cranial base repair method using the dural suturing technique is simple and reliable.
Abou-Al-Shaar et al. 2017 [31]	Case report	Bolstering the nasoseptal flap using sphenoid sinus fat packing: a technical case report	Sphenoid sinus fat packing may be important technical adjunct in bolstering the nasoseptal flap against the ventral skull base in perioperative period.

CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; EEA, endoscopic endonasal approach