Table 3. Longitudinal relationships between baseline testosterone levels and sarcopenia. The cumulative data were analyzed with generalized estimating equations. Moderator variables: Crude model: none; Model 1: baseline age; Model 2: age, leisure-time physical activity, nutrition intake (total energy, total protein, vitamin D), medical history (stroke, heart disease, cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis), and smoking habit at baseline.

	Odds ratio (95% confidence intervals)
Total testosterone	Normal (≥2.9 ng/ml)	Low (<2.9 ng/ml)	p value
n	3979	208
Crude model	1.00 (Reference)	1.6178 (0.9486 − 2.7592)	0.0774
Model 1	1.00 (Reference)	1.4790 (0.8606 − 2.5416)	0.1566
Model 2	1.00 (Reference)	1.5717 (0.9004 − 2.7434)	0.1116