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| Several Environment factors | References |
| Exposure to high levels of mercury, styrene and chromium ,trichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride during pregnancy | (18, 20) |
| Factors associated with high levels of vitamin D deficiency | (19) |
| Air pollution | (18) |
| Maternal lifestyle , maternal and paternal age | (22, 23) |
| Several Genetic Factors | References |
| Receptor genes | (17) |
| Ig-CAM genes | (24) |
| Scaffolding genes | (24) |
| PTEN | (12) |
