Fig. 5. Artificial neural networks based on photonic circuits on a chip.

a Schematic representation of the basic operation of an excitatory and inhibition neuron with an integrated semiconductor laser on a photonic circuit⁵¹. b Schematic drawing of artificial synapses⁶². c The architecture of an artificial neural network based on photonic circuits¹⁵. d Integrated phase change memories on a photonic circuit as artificial synapses⁶²