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. 2019 May 7;10:2095. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09499-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Health benefits of carbon mitigation. Life-years gained a overall and b per 100,000 population by region from the air quality improvements associated with the optimal decarbonization in RICE + AIR. c, d show the resulting monetized benefits in total, and as a percent of GDP, respectively. Note that if a region’s PM_2.5 exposure (concentration) drops below 5.8 µg/m³, health benefits no longer accrue—this threshold assumption is common in other global air quality assessments¹⁶, and is tested in the sensitivity analyses