Table 2.
Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth (STH), viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections, Saravane Province, Laos, 2017
| Infections | Total (N = 746) | Child < 5 years (N = 249) | School-aged child (N = 247) | Adult (N = 250) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Any STHa | 457 (61.3) | 133 (53.4) | 154 (62.4) | 170 (68.0) |
| Hookworm | 325 (43.6) | 81 (32.5) | 118 (47.8) | 126 (50.4) |
| A. lumbricoides | 61 (8.2) | 23 (9.2) | 19 (7.7) | 19 (7.6) |
| T. trichiura | 119 (16.0) | 40 (16.1) | 46 (18.6) | 33 (13.2) |
| S. stercoralis | 154 (20.6) | 38 (15.3) | 45 (18.2) | 71 (28.4) |
| Any virusb | 248 (33.2) | 90 (36.1) | 78 (31.6) | 80 (32.0) |
| Astrovirus | 18 (2.4) | 8 (3.2) | 6 (2.4) | 4 (2.0) |
| Adenovirus | 6 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.6) | 2 (0.8) |
| Norovirus GI | 8 (1.2) | 1 (0.4) | 4 (1.6) | 3 (1.2) |
| Norovirus GII | 55 (7.4) | 21 (8.4) | 15 (6.1) | 19 (7.6) |
| Rotavirus | 180 (24.1) | 61 (24.5) | 58 (23.5) | 61 (24.4) |
| Sapovirus | 11 (1.5) | 8 (3.2) | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0) |
| Any bacteriac | 640 (86.8) | 216 (86.8) | 206 (83.4) | 218 (87.2) |
| Aeromonas spp. | 224 (30.0) | 54 (21.7) | 70 (28.3) | 100 (40.0) |
| Clostridium difficile | 8 (1.1) | 3 (1.2) | 3 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 163 (21.9) | 69 (27.7) | 55 (22.3) | 39 (15.6) |
| EAEC | 353 (47.3) | 113 (45.4) | 109 (44.1) | 131 (52.4) |
| EHEC | 91 (12.2) | 21 (8.4) | 29 (11.7) | 41 (16.4) |
| EPEC | 262 (35.1) | 94 (37.8) | 91 (36.8) | 77 (30.8) |
| Typical | 60 (8.1) | 15 (6.0) | 20 (8.1) | 25 (10.0) |
| Atypical | 202 (27.1) | 79 (31.7) | 71 (28.7) | 52 (20.8) |
| ETEC | 278 (37.3) | 95 (38.2) | 70 (28.3) | 113 (45.2) |
| LT-ETEC | 78 (10.5) | 35 (14.1) | 13 (5.3) | 30 (12.0) |
| ST-ETEC | 200 (26.8) | 60 (24.1) | 57 (23.1) | 83 (33.2) |
| Shigella spp./EIEC | 117 (15.7) | 37 (14.9) | 36 (14.6) | 44 (17.6) |
| Salmonella enterica | 37 (5.0) | 8 (3.2) | 9 (3.6) | 20 (8.0) |
| Any protozoad | 543 (72.8) | 203 (81.5) | 188 (76.1) | 152 (60.8) |
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 105 (14.1) | 41 (16.5) | 34 (13.8) | 30 (12.0) |
| Cryptosporidium hominus | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Giardia intestinalis | 514 (68.9) | 195 (78.3) | 179 (72.5) | 140 (56.0) |
| Mean (standard deviation) number of microparasites | 3.3 (1.7) | 3.3 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.7) | 3.3 (1.8) |
aSoil-transmitted helminth (STH) includes one or more of the following helminths: hookworm (N. americanus and/or A. duodenale), A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, or S. stercoralis
bVirus includes one or more of the following pathogens: astrovirus, adenovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, rotavirus, or sapovirus
cBacteria includes one or more of the following pathogens: Aeromonas, C. difficile, C. jejuni, EAEC, EHEC, EPEC (typical or atypical), LT- or ST-ETEC, Shigella spp./Enteroinvasive E. coli, or Salmonella
dProtozoa includes one or more of the following pathogens: non-hominus and non-parvum Cryptosporidium spp., C. hominus, C. parvum, E. histolytica, and G. intestinalis
All data come from quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis