Table 1.
Baseline maternal data, for time of early pregnancy (week 8–12), for pregnant women with either pregestational (PDM) type 1 (T1DM), or type 2 diabetes (T2DM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or without diabetes in Kronoberg
| Maternal data | T1DM | T2DM | P | PDM | GDM | P | Diabetes | No Diabetes | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 37 | 11 | 48 | 97 | 145 | 135 | |||
| Maternal age (years) | 29.8 ± 5 | 33.5 ± 6 | 0.06 | 30.7 ± 6 | 32 ± 5 | 0.30 | 31.3 ± 5 | 31.1 ± 5 | 0.73 |
| Pregestational BMI (kg/ m2) | 26.7 (17–44) | 34 (18–44) | 0.005 | 28.3 (17–44) | 29.7 (16–59) | 0.11 | 29.3 ± 7 | 25.4 ± 4 | 0.0001 |
| Multiparous | 21 (57%) | 8 (73%) | 0.49 | 29 (60%) | 66 (67%) | 0.46 | 95 (66%) | 81 (60%) | 0.39 |
| Previous miscarriages | 12 (32%) | 4 (36%) | 1.0 | 16 (33%) | * | * | * | 43 (32%) | 0.76a |
| Previous GDM | 2 (5.4%) | 7 (64%) | 0.0001 | 9 (19%) | * | * | * | * | * |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 15 ± 8.1 | 6 ± 6.3 | 0.001 | 13 ± 8.5 | * | * | * | * | * |
| Caucasian | 36 (97%) | 9 (82%) | 0.11 | 43 (94%) | 66 (67%) | 0.002 | 110 (76%) | 126 (93%) | 0.0001 |
| Smoking | 4 (11%) | 4 (36%) | 0.07 | 8 (17%) | 17 (18%) | 1.0 | 25 (17%) | 6 (4.4%) | 0.001 |
| Employed | 23 (62%) | 2 (18%) | 0.04 | 25 (52%) | 54 (56%) | 0.89 | 79 (55%) | 89 (67%) | 0.11 |
| Physical activity ≥1 times/week | 28 (76%) | 9 (82%) | 0.28 | 31 (65%) | 35 (37%) | 0.001 | 66 (46%) | 56 (48%) | 0.18 |
| Gestational weight gain ≥8 kg | 33 (89%) | 7 (70%) | 0.16 | 40 (85%) | 57 (63%) | 0.006 | 97 (70%) | 108 (85%) | 0.005 |
| Other endocrine disease (thyroid or adrenalb) | 9 (21%) | 6 (4.4%) | < 0.0001a |
T1DM type1 diabetes mellitus, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, PDM pregestational diabetes mellitus, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus
*Information regarding parity, previous miscarriages, previous GDM and duration of diabetes was not available for the GDM group. Figures are either mean ± SD; median (min-max) or n (%). aComparison PDM vs no diabetes. badrenal = primary adrenal insufficiency