Figure 2. Urothelial cell genetic damage, as measured by frequency (per 1000 cells) of induction of micronuclei (MN), as a function of total arsenic concentration (CR-As) in consumed cooked rice, grouped as indicated.

For this rural West Bengal population consuming rice as a staple, high arsenic in cooked rice is associated with elevated genotoxic effects. All groups with a mean As in cooked rice >200 μg/kg (D, E, F) have mean micronuclei frequencies (MN/1000 cells) significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of the lower exposure groups (A, B, C). Numbers in each group as in Table 1.