Table 4.
Food/Beverage | Education | Travel/Lodging | Consulting | Other services | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
Prob. | ln ($) | Prob. | ln ($) | Prob. | ln ($) | Prob. | ln ($) | Prob. | ln ($) | |
Coeff. | Coeff. | Coeff. | Coeff. | Coeff. | Coeff. | Coeff. | Coeff. | Coeff. | Coeff. | |
(SE) | (SE) | (SE) | (SE) | (SE) | (SE) | (SE) | (SE) | (SE) | (SE) | |
Male | 0.031*** | 0.162*** | 0.027*** | 0.067*** | 0.022*** | 0.272*** | 0.019*** | 0.343*** | 0.018*** | 0.491*** |
(0.001) | (0.006) | (0.001) | (0.007) | (0.001) | (0.030) | (0.000) | (0.029) | (0.000) | (0.041) | |
ln(Medicare RVUs+1) | 0.031*** | 0.111*** | 0.020*** | 0.009*** | 0.003*** | −0.017** | 0.003*** | −0.031*** | 0.004*** | 0.026*** |
(0.000) | (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.002) | (0.000) | (0.007) | (0.000) | (0.007) | (0.000) | (0.008) | |
Office‐based | 0.118*** | 0.475*** | 0.096*** | 0.026*** | 0.006*** | 0.018 | 0.009*** | −0.218*** | 0.011*** | 0.089*** |
(0.001) | (0.006) | (0.001) | (0.008) | (0.001) | (0.025) | (0.001) | (0.027) | (0.001) | (0.032) | |
Year 2015 | −0.023*** | −0.030*** | −0.045*** | −0.255*** | −0.001*** | 0.032** | −0.009*** | 0.433*** | 0.003*** | −0.193*** |
(0.001) | (0.003) | (0.001) | (0.007) | (0.000) | (0.016) | (0.000) | (0.018) | (0.000) | (0.017) | |
Year 2016 | −0.070*** | −0.186*** | −0.098*** | −0.627*** | −0.009*** | 0.061*** | −0.024*** | 0.683*** | −0.001*** | −0.288*** |
(0.001) | (0.003) | (0.001) | (0.007) | (0.000) | (0.017) | (0.000) | (0.021) | (0.000) | (0.019) | |
Practice size | ||||||||||
2 to 3 members | 0.064*** | 0.181*** | 0.023*** | 0.026** | 0.009*** | 0.208*** | 0.009*** | 0.277*** | 0.011*** | 0.028 |
(0.003) | (0.010) | (0.002) | (0.011) | (0.001) | (0.049) | (0.001) | (0.049) | (0.001) | (0.055) | |
4 to 10 members | 0.062*** | 0.168*** | 0.008*** | −0.003 | 0.009*** | 0.195*** | 0.007*** | 0.332*** | 0.010*** | 0.02 |
(0.002) | (0.008) | (0.002) | (0.010) | (0.001) | (0.044) | (0.001) | (0.044) | (0.001) | (0.050) | |
11 to 20 members | 0.022*** | 0.008 | −0.021*** | −0.035*** | 0.008*** | 0.198*** | 0.006*** | 0.382*** | 0.008*** | 0.103* |
(0.003) | (0.010) | (0.002) | (0.013) | (0.001) | (0.052) | (0.001) | (0.054) | (0.001) | (0.060) | |
21 to 50 members | −0.004 | −0.020** | −0.028*** | −0.052*** | 0.005*** | 0.292*** | 0.004*** | 0.397*** | 0.004*** | 0.250*** |
(0.002) | (0.010) | (0.002) | (0.012) | (0.001) | (0.050) | (0.001) | (0.050) | (0.001) | (0.059) | |
51 to 100 members | −0.013*** | 0.008 | −0.024*** | −0.036*** | 0.005*** | 0.199*** | 0.005*** | 0.427*** | 0.004*** | 0.123** |
(0.003) | (0.011) | (0.002) | (0.013) | (0.001) | (0.055) | (0.001) | (0.055) | (0.001) | (0.063) | |
100+ members | −0.108*** | −0.157*** | −0.056*** | −0.055*** | 0.008*** | 0.350*** | 0.007*** | 0.649*** | 0.000 | 0.275*** |
(0.002) | (0.008) | (0.001) | (0.010) | (0.001) | (0.040) | (0.001) | (0.039) | (0.001) | (0.047) | |
Years in practice | ||||||||||
11‐19 yr | 0.022*** | 0.050*** | 0.020*** | 0.014 | 0.012*** | 0.290*** | 0.013*** | 0.210*** | 0.009*** | 0.569*** |
(0.002) | (0.007) | (0.001) | (0.012) | (0.001) | (0.041) | (0.001) | (0.039) | (0.001) | (0.060) | |
20‐29 yr | 0.030*** | 0.128*** | 0.040*** | 0.01 | 0.018*** | 0.398*** | 0.018*** | 0.298*** | 0.012*** | 0.581*** |
(0.002) | (0.008) | (0.001) | (0.012) | (0.001) | (0.042) | (0.001) | (0.040) | (0.001) | (0.062) | |
30+ yr | 0.004* | 0.053*** | 0.029*** | −0.041*** | 0.007*** | 0.366*** | 0.011*** | 0.280*** | 0.001* | 0.427*** |
(0.002) | (0.008) | (0.001) | (0.012) | (0.001) | (0.043) | (0.001) | (0.041) | (0.001) | (0.062) | |
Constant | 0.269*** | 4.258*** | 0.012*** | 3.248*** | −0.038*** | 5.607*** | −0.019*** | 4.319*** | −0.049*** | 6.529*** |
(0.004) | (0.014) | (0.002) | (0.021) | (0.001) | (0.096) | (0.001) | (0.078) | (0.001) | (0.123) | |
R‐Squared | 0.214 | 0.217 | 0.124 | 0.079 | 0.057 | 0.073 | 0.053 | 0.31 | 0.064 | 0.238 |
N | 1 227 123 | 674 125 | 1 227 123 | 195 421 | 1 227 123 | 44 493 | 1 227 123 | 44 400 | 1 227 123 | 39 763 |
Notes: Estimated using Ordinary Least Squares Multiple Regression with physician clustering using Stata 15. Each model was estimated with county fixed effects and a full set of specialty fixed effects (not reported).
***P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, *P < 0.1.