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. 2019 May 7;9:7057. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43468-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Kinetic of ultra-low attachment culture of DPCs. After 6 hours, long cell protrudings are formed between the cells (lowest picture, black arrows). (b) Analysis of gene transcription level of chosen marker genes during the condensation process. Depicted are relative expression values of BMP7, FGF2, PAX9, INHBA, TGFß1 and COL1A1 of the DPC condensates at 24 hours (24 h), 4 days (4d) and 4 weeks (4w) after induction of condensation culture. For comparison also expression values of freshly isolated DPCs (f.i.) and monolayer DPCs in different passages (ML P2-P6) are presented. ns - not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001. N ≥ 5 biological replicates.