Table 1.

Diagnostic and screening methods of MHE

Tests	Tested domains	Time required (min)	Influence factor	Advantages	Disadvantages
Paper-and-pencil test PHES	Psychomotor speed, visual perception, visuospatial orientation, visuomotor ability, and attention	20	Age, education, and culture	Gold standard for MHE diagnosis validated internationally	Learning effects
RBANS	Psychomotor speed, anterograde memory, and working memory	30	Age, education, and culture	Rigorous population-based standardization values	Required further validation in randomized controlled trials
Computer-aided test Scan test	Working memory, vigilance, and attention	15	Age and education	Simple administration	Learning effects
CDR assessment battery	Reaction time, memory, and recognition	15	Age, education, and culture	Appreciable test-retest reliability	Learning effects
ICT	Response inhibition, working memory, vigilance, and attention	15	Age, education, and culture	Simple administration, higher sensitivity/specificity, and appreciable test-retest reliability	Not suitable for non-English-speaking patients
EncephalApp Stroop App	Psychomotor speed and cognitive alertness	10	Age, education, and culture	Rapid and simple administration, and good test-retest reliability	Should be familiar with iPhone/iPad
CFF	Visual discrimination and general arousal	10	Age	Simple and easily performed and no learning effects	Not suitable for red-green blindness and visual impairment

PHES: psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score; RBANS: repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status; CDR: Cognitive Drug Research; ICT: inhibitory control test; CFF: critical flicker frequency; MHE: minimal hepatic encephalopathy