Effect of streptavidin bound to ionic self-assembled multilayer (ISAM) films on attenuation of light transmission. ISAM films that were conjugated with or without streptavidin were incubated with Histophilus somni strain 2336 or Escherichia coli strain DH5α. Blue vertical-line columns indicate H. somni strain 2336 extracts incubated with ISAM lacking streptavidin; solid green columns indicate E. coli strain DH5α extracts incubated with ISAM lacking streptavidin; red horizontal-line columns indicate H. somni strain 2336 extracts incubated with ISAM containing streptavidin; columns with purple grids indicate E. coli strain DH5α extracts incubated with ISAM containing streptavidin. The signal attenuations (percent reduction of signal) resulting from exposure of the streptavidin-coated ISAM::probe versus non-coated ISAM::probe to H. somni strain 2336 were significantly different when ≥500 cells were tested (p = 0.0599 for 500 cells, p = 0.00164 for 1,250 cells, p = 0.000936 for 5,000 cells, and p = 0.00239 for 12,500 cells). Error bars represent mean ± 1 SD.