Table 3. Effects of medications on the risk for post-stroke pneumonia.
| Variable | adjusted HR [95% CI] | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Time-independent variables | ||
| Sex, male | 1.19 [1.09–1.31] | < .001 |
| Age, per 5-year | 1.21 [1.18–1.24] | < .001 |
| Hypertension | 1.05 [0.94–1.16] | .393 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.25 [1.13–1.37] | < .001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.10 [0.93–1.29] | .254 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.19 [1.02–1.38] | .025 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.28 [1.15–1.43] | < .001 |
| Thrombolysis (intravenous or intraarterial) | 1.03 [0.69–1.54] | .885 |
| Household income | ||
| low | Ref | – |
| middle | 0.96 [0.86–1.07] | .439 |
| high | 0.97 [0.87–1.08] | .576 |
| Hospital type | ||
| general hospital | Ref | – |
| hospital or clinic | 1.24 [1.10–1.39] | < .001 |
| Length of hospital stay | ||
| ≤17 days | Ref | – |
| >17 days | 1.00 [0.91–1.09] | .986 |
| Year of index stroke | ||
| 2002–2005 | Ref | – |
| 2006–2009 | 0.93 [0.84–1.03] | .148 |
| 2010–2013 | 0.93 [0.81–1.07] | .337 |
| Time-dependent variables | ||
| Proton pump inhibitor | 1.56 [1.24–1.96] | < .001 |
| H2-receptor antagonist | 1.40 [1.25–1.58] | < .001 |
| Mucoprotective agents* | 0.89 [0.78–1.01] | .062 |
Data were obtained from multivariate time-dependent Cox proportional hazard regression model. Adjustments were made to the variables listed in this table.
*rebamipide, teprenone, irsogladine, ecabet sodium, polaprezinc, sofalcone, sucralfate, and misoprostol.
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.