Table 1.
Maternal and infant descriptives by maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and GWG groups
| Obese n = 70 | Overweight n = 65 | Normal n = 126 | Within IOM n = 90 | Above IOM n = 104 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % or M(SD) | % or M(SD) | % or M(SD) | F or χ2 | p | % or M(SD) | % or M(SD) | F or χ2 | p | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||||
| Age (years) | 25.76(5.42) | 25.88(5.32) | 25.81(5.50) | 0.01 | .99 | 26.23(5.50) | 25.92(5.63) | 0.15 | .70 |
| Gravida | 2(1) | 3(2) | 2(2) | 3.52 | .03 | 2(2) | 2(2) | 0.02 | .90 |
| % Major depression | 28% | 20% | 27% | 7.26 | .51 | 33% | 29% | 3.83 | .43 |
| % Drug use | 25% | 34% | 33% | 2.23 | .33 | 24% | 34% | 1.97 | .16 |
| % Medical cond. | 32% | 30% | 34% | 0.43 | .81 | 31% | 31% | 0.01 | .92 |
| % Low SES | 12% | 13% | 16% | 7.10 | .53 | 11% | 11% | 3.75 | .44 |
| % Married | 31% | 35% | 39% | 17.47 | .07 | 37% | 34% | 3.99 | .55 |
| % Hispanic | 34% | 26% | 24% | 14.24 | .43 | 26% | 24% | 4.01 | .78 |
| % Non‐white | 66% | 56% | 49% | 14.24 | .43 | 56% | 50% | 4.01 | .78 |
| Neonate characteristics | |||||||||
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39.48(1.62) | 39.06(2.68) | 39.43(1.46) | 1.25 | .29 | 39.48(1.50) | 39.51(1.85) | 0.01 | .91 |
| Birth weight % | 49.00(24.90) | 48.18(25.26) | 44.56(26.57) | 0.95 | .39 | 41.16(24.49) | 48.23(26.70) | 3.64 | .06 |
| APGAR (1 min) | 7.76(1.19) | 7.63(1.46) | 7.60(1. 76) | 0.29 | .75 | 7.77(1.40) | 7.54(1.67) | 1.05 | .31 |
| APGAR (5 min) | 9.00(0.28) | 8.72(0.99) | 8.81(0.77) | 2.83 | .06 | 8.81(0.86) | 8.87(0.56) | 0.28 | .60 |
| Early neonatal age (days) | 1.56(0.68) | 1.56(0.49) | 1.58(0.56) | 0.02 | .98 | 1.47(0.62) | 1.55(0.57) | 0.74 | .39 |
| Late neonatal age (days) | 31.68(3.40) | 32.53(3.40) | 31.73(3.19) | 1.58 | .21 | 31.96(3.34) | 31.95(3.31) | 0.01 | .98 |
| % Male infants | 52% | 57% | 54% | 0.46 | .80 | 50% | 49% | 0.02 | .89 |
| % Caesarean | 25% | 27% | 28% | 0.34 | .84 | 24% | 27% | 0.16 | .69 |
| % Fetal distress | 33% | 33% | 37% | 0.44 | .80 | 34% | 36% | 0.03 | .87 |
| % Medical cond. | 5% | 6% | 8% | 0.98 | .61 | 9% | 2% | 5.10 | .08 |
| % Breastfeeding | 32% | 24% | 29% | 1.32 | .86 | 37% | 21% | 6.49 | .04 |
Pre‐pregnancy weight group differences in semi‐continuous descriptives were investigated via ANOVAs, yielding F statistics, while differences in categorical variables were investigated using chi‐square tests of association, yielding χ2 values. The following categories were defined as such: Major Depression (diagnosis during pregnancy via SCID interview), gestational drug use (% participants ingesting >40 alcoholic drinks or smoking > 40 cigarettes or marijuana joints during pregnancy), maternal medical cond. (i.e. major maternal infections or other conditions requiring observation, hospitalization or surgery assessed from maternal interview and medical chart review), low SES (% participants in category 5 or low socioeconomic status on the Hollingshead Questionnaire), Hispanic (% of mothers reporting Hispanic ethnicity, regardless of race), Non‐white (% of mothers reporting a racial or ethnic category that was not White), and APGAR (physical functioning assessment of neonates' skin colour, heart rate, reflex irritability, muscle tone and respiration), fetal distress (% neonates diagnosed by physician as distressed and/or in utero exposure to meconium) and neonatal medical cond. (% neonates with any minor or major medical diagnoses within 30 days postpartum).