Table 1.
Relevant studies for inclusion
| Study | Country | Outcome Measure (Imaging) | Intervention (n) | Control (n) | Length of bed rest (days) | Head-tilt angle | Age | Gender | BMI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cavanagh28 | USA | BMD (pQCT) & Muscle Volume (MRI) | Zero Gravity Treadmill (5) | No exercise (6) | 84 | −6 | 30.2 | 6 M 5 F | 25.1 |
| Belavy33 | Germany | BMD (HR-pQCT) | RVE (7) & RE (8) | No exercise (9) | 60 | −6 | 32 | M | 25.7 |
| Rittweger29 | Germany | BMC (DXA & pQCT) & mCSA (pQCT) | RVE (10) | No exercise (10) | 56 | 0 | 33 | M | 23.7 |
| Zwart31 | USA | BMD (DXA) | Treadmill LBNP (7) | No exercise (7) | 30 | −6 | 24 | F | n/a |
| Shackelford5 | USA | BMD (DXA) & Muscle Volume (MRI) | RE (9) | No exercise (16) | 119 | 0 | 32 | 16 M 9 F | 24.6 |
| Rittweger30 | France | BMC & mCSA (pQCT) | FW (9) | No exercise (9) | 90 | −6 | 32 | M | 23.3 |
| Smith32 | France | BMD (DXA) | Treadmill LBNP & RE (8) | No exercise (8) | 60 | −6 | 32 | F | 21.5 |
| Armbrecht35 | France | BMD (HR-pQCT) | Treadmill LBNP & RE (8) | No exercise (8) | 60 | −6 | 32 | F | 21.5 |
RE resistive exercise, RVE resistive vibration exercise, LBNP lower body negative pressure, FW flywheel, pQCT peripheral quantitative computed tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, DXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, HR-pQCT high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography
For the intervention and control columns, the n refers to number of participants in each arm