Table 4.
Muscle cross-sectional area results expressed as % change from pre-bed rest
| Study | Group | Anatomical Location (% muscle CSA change from pre-BR) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calf | Forearm | Quadriceps | ||
| Rittweger29 | CON (n = 10) | −18.0** | −1.0 | x |
| RVE (n = 10) | −8.0**^ | −0.6 | x | |
| Rittweger30 | CON (n = 9) | −25.6* | −6.4* | x |
| FW (n = 9) | −17.3**^ | −7.6* | x | |
| Cavanagh28 | CON (n = 6) | −33.0** | x | −23.3** |
| ZLS (n = 5) | −13.8**^ | x | −7.2**^ | |
| Shackelford5 | CON (n = 16) | −28.1* | x | −15.8* |
| RE (n = 9) | −6.6*^ | x | 2.0^ | |
Muscle cross-sectional area (muscle CSA) results expressed as % change from pre-bed rest. Rittweger et al.29,30 measured muscle CSA one day before the end of the bed-rest period. Cavanagh et al.28 and Shackelford et al.5 measured muscle volume or CSA at the completion of bed-rest
CON control group, RVE resistive vibration exercise, FW flywheel, ZLS zero-gravity locomotion simulator, RE resistive exercise
* Indicates p < 0.05 compared to baseline, ** indicates p < 0.01 significance from baseline (Cavanagh28 used a two sample t-test. All other authors used a paired t-test), ^ indicates p < 0.05 significance between exercise and control groups (Cavanagh28 used a two sample t-test. Rittweger29,30 used analysis of variance. Shackelford5 used analysis of covariance)