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. 2019 May 9;11(2):16. doi: 10.1038/s41368-019-0049-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a The expression of TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-17A in AP lesions and gingival control biopsies. The expression of TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-17A was significantly increased in AP tissues compared to gingival control tissues harvested from same patients. b Quantification of tissue-associated microbial 16S DNA. Tissue 16S rRNA gene copy number per milligram total genomic DNA isolated from indicated tissue sample. Statistical significance of comparisons between groups was made using Mann–Whitney test