Table 3.
Social Capital and Socioeconomic Status Results.
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
Model 5 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OLS | Logit | Poisson | ZIP | Negative Binomial | ||||||
| Social capital index | -.251+ | -.012 | -.244* | -.157 | -.238*** | -.023 | -.267*** | .020 | -.197** | -.019 |
| (.135) | (.360) | (.108) | (.259) | (.043) | (.068) | (.047) | (.071) | (.069) | (.121) | |
| Socioeconomic status index (Ref: Middle SES) | ||||||||||
| Lower SES | 1.498*** | 1.483*** | .822* | .823* | .451*** | .338*** | .415*** | .275*** | .472** | .392* |
| (.454) | (.453) | (.390) | (.398) | (.074) | (.077) | (.077) | (.081) | (.161) | (.164) | |
| Higher SES | -.426 | -.457 | -.711* | -.730* | -.155+ | -.158+ | -.130 | -.149+ | -.245 | -.264+ |
| (.420) | (.422) | (.323) | (.326) | (.084) | (.085) | (.088) | (.089) | (.154) | (.154) | |
| Interaction term | ||||||||||
| Social capital index*Lower SES | -.690* | -.390 | -.550*** | -.690*** | -.631** | |||||
| (.419) | (.356) | (.107) | (.114) | (.203) | ||||||
| Social capital index*Higher SES | .016 | .062 | -.050 | -.111 | -.097 | |||||
| (.406) | (.294) | (.093) | (.098) | (.157) | ||||||
| Population density (log) | .390** | .405** | .729*** | .736** | .105*** | .102*** | .078** | .075** | .146** | .148** |
| (.135) | (.134) | (.126) | (.127) | (.024) | (.024) | (.026) | (.026) | (.050) | (.050) | |
| Proportion 65 years and older | 1.375 | 2.188 | -.403 | -.086 | .356 | .636 | 1.066* | 1.576*** | 1.529 | 2.189* |
| (2.205) | (2.223) | (1.691) | (1.745) | (.391) | (.395) | (.440) | (.442) | (.986) | (1.009) | |
| Proportion of women in the population | 3.521 | 3.169 | 5.853 | 6.005 | 2.450* | 2.329* | .378 | -.235 | .860 | -.318 |
| (5.652) | (5.661) | (4.200) | (4.31) | (1.000) | (.980) | (1.199) | (1.160) | (2.217) | (2.266) | |
| Proportion of single-person househlds | 2.018 | 1.992 | 2.266+ | 2.294+ | 1.420*** | 1.394*** | 1.354*** | 1.376*** | 2.042** | 2.026** |
| (1.756) | (1.751) | (1.308) | (1.320) | (.343) | (.339) | (.363) | (.357) | (.685) | (.683) | |
| Residential stability | 4.188* | 4.218* | 2.138 | 2.121 | 2.429*** | 2.339*** | 2.500*** | 2.410*** | 2.634** | 2.403** |
| (2.021) | (2.016) | 1.426 | (1.428) | (.470) | (.469) | (.506) | (.510) | (.874) | (.873) | |
| Tsunami height (m) | .295*** | .298*** | .184*** | .192*** | .010*** | .101*** | .091*** | .093*** | .124*** | .128*** |
| (.037) | (.037) | (.035) | (.036) | (.006) | (.006) | (.006) | (.006) | (.015) | (.015) | |
| Area of the community (km2) | -.003 | -.003 | .136** | .134** | -.002 | -.001 | -.002 | -.002 | -.002 | -.002 |
| (.003) | (.003) | (.052) | (.051) | (.001) | (.001) | (.001) | (.001) | (.002) | (.002) | |
| Coast line length (km) | -.101** | -.098** | .070 | .073 | -.034*** | -.032*** | -.041*** | -.038*** | -.027+ | -.028+ |
| (.038) | (.038) | (.081) | (.084) | (.008) | (.008) | (.009) | (.009) | (.015) | (.015) | |
| Distance between sea and nearest mountain (km) | .829*** | .834*** | .311** | .329** | .286*** | .289*** | .284** | .288*** | .380*** | .378*** |
| (.121) | (.120) | (.114) | (.114) | (.018) | (.018) | (.018) | (.018) | (.052) | (.051) | |
| Seawall height (m) | -.037 | -.058 | -.094* | -.105* | -.018 | -.023+ | -.014 | -.020 | -.003 | -.011 |
| (.057) | (.058) | (.044) | (.045) | (.012) | (.012) | (.013) | (.013) | (.024) | (.024) | |
| Designated city dummy (Ref: No) | −4.167*** | −4.097*** | -.795 | -.766 | −1.463*** | −1.425*** | −1.550*** | −1.507*** | −2.072*** | −1.993*** |
| (1.072) | (1.068) | (.934) | (.932) | (.187) | (.187) | (.191) | (.102) | (.471) | (.465) | |
| Constant | −8.946** | −8.989** | −9.688*** | −9.854*** | −4.614*** | −4.489*** | −3.481*** | −3.158*** | −5.123*** | −4.472*** |
| (3.310) | (3.319) | (2.498) | (2.532) | (.678) | (.676) | (.755) | (.740) | (1.308) | (1.324) | |
| Tsunami height (m) | -.060 | -.056 | ||||||||
| (.046) | (.043) | |||||||||
| Constant | −1.891*** | −1.912*** | ||||||||
| (.391) | (.385) | |||||||||
| Log α | .144 | .117 | ||||||||
| (.094) | (.095) | |||||||||
| α | 1.154 | 1.124 | ||||||||
| (.109) | (.107) | |||||||||
| R2/Pseudo R2 | .210 | .220 | .199 | .204 | .195 | .205 | .072 | .078 | ||
Notes: Numbers in parentheses are standard errors. N = 542.
+ p < .10, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.