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. 2013 Dec 19;3:3553. doi: 10.1038/srep03553

Figure 2. Quantitative gene expression showed markedly enhanced ADSC chondrogenesis in mixed co-culture with all ratios, but not in conditioned medium or bi-layered co-culture.

Figure 2

To distinguish the fate of each cell type, species-specific primers were used to identify the gene expression of human ADSCs and bovine NChons in the xenogenic co-culture. Human-specific (A–C) and bovine-specific (D–F) gene expression of (A, D) aggrecan (Agg), (B, E) type II collagen (COL II), and (C, F) type I collagen (COL I) after 21 days of in vitro co-culture in chondrogenic medium supplemented with TGF-β3. Fold changes relative to (A–C) ADSC and (D–F) NChon control at day 21. Data presented as mean +/− SD (n = 3 samples/group). Asterisks (*) indicate statistical significance between control (ADSC or NChon) and co-culture groups, with *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.