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. 2019 May 8;9:7096. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43275-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Clinical outcomes and viremia in patients infected with dengue or coinfected with dengue and HIV. (A) The odds ratio (OR) of presenting clinical signs of severity in dengue was calculated for each variable in the context of presence or absence of HIV coinfection. The following outcomes were considered: postural hypotension, liver dysfunction (hepatomegaly and/or steatosis evidenced by abdominal ultrasonography plus liver enzymes greater than 200 U/L), major bleeding (Gastrointestinal bleed, vaginal bleed and/or hematuria), petechiae and exanthema, thrombocytopenia (<100,000 platelets/µL), abdominal pain, persistent vomiting and hemoconcentration (increase in hematocrit more than 20% from the value at the recovery). Dots represent the OR and whiskers indicate 95% confidence interval. The dotted line represents OR = 1, in which the exposure confers no protection nor risk. OR values (and 95% CI) above 1 represent increased risk and OR values below 1 represent lower risk of presenting the outcome compared to unexposed (HIV-negative) patients. (B) DENV genome copies in plasma from patients with dengue or with HIV + dengue coinfection. Each dot represents the concentration of DENV RNA in plasma from one patient. Horizontal lines indicate the median and interquartile ranges.