Table 1.
Extracellular vesicular biomarkers in renal disease
| Disease | Source/method | Biomarker | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetic kidney disease | Human urine/microarray | Let-7i-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-27b-3p, miR-15b-5p | [59] |
| Human urine/microarray | miR-320c, miR-6068 | [60] | |
| Human urine/proteomic analysis | EV density | [61] | |
| Human urine/Western blotting | WT-1 | [62] | |
| IgAN and TBM | Human urine/proteomic analysis | Aminopeptidase N, vasorin precursor, α-1 antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin | [63] |
| IgAN | Human urine/qRT-PCR | CCL2 mRNA | [64] |
| FSGS | Human or mouse urine/immune blot | WT-1 | [65] |
| Human urine/qRT-PCR | miR-193a | [66] | |
| Lupus nephritis | Human urine/qRT-PCR | miR-26a | [27] |
| ADPKD | Human urine/proteomics | TMEM2 | [67] |
| Human urine/proteomics | Apolipoprotein A1, actin | [68] | |
| Hypertension | Human urine/flow cytometry | Podocyte EV number | [29] |
| Human urine/qRT-PCR | miR-21, miR-92a, miR-93, miR200b | [28] | |
| Acute kidney injury | Human or rat urine/Western blot | ATF3 | [69] |
| Human or rat urine/proteomics | Fetuin-A | [10] | |
| Kidney transplantation | Human urine/Western blotting | NGAL | [70] |
| Human plasma/qRT-PCR | Gp130, CCL4, TNFα, SH2D1B | [71] | |
| Human urine/magnetic bead | CD3-positive exosome | [72] | |
| Human urine/qRT-PCR | Bkv-miR-B1-5p, bkv-miR-B1-5p/miR-16 | [73] | |
| Renal carcinoma | Human plasma/qPT-PCR | lncARSR | [74] |
| Human urine/microarray | GSTA1, CEBPA, PCBD1 | [75] | |
| Human urine/proteomics | MMP-9, PODXL, DKK4 | [76] |
EV, extracellular vesicle; WT-1, Wilms tumor-1; IgAN, immunoglobulin A nephropathy; TBM, thin basement membrane; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase poly chain reaction; CCL2, chemokine ligand 2; FSGS, focal segmental glomerular sclerosis; ADPKD, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; TMEM2, transmembrane protein 2; ATF3, activating transcription factor 3; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; Gp130, glycoprotein 130; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; SH2D1B, SH2 domain containing 1B; lncARSR, long non-coding RNA activated in RCC with sunitinib resistance; GSTA1, glutathione S-transferase alpha; CEBPA, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha; PCBD1; pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; PODXL, podocalyxin; DKK4, Dickkopf-related protein.