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. 2019 May 9;19:96. doi: 10.1186/s12874-019-0738-4

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Different forms of s(x) in the simulation. Five forms of s(x) are used to simulate symmetrical and asymmetrical U-shaped relationships between a continuous variable and log relative hazards. Parameter k₁ is the slope of the left line in a U-shaped or V-shaped curve, parameter k₂ is the slope of the right line and parameter a is the value of the turning point in the x-axis