Table 4.
Patient reported baseline characteristics
| Missing values, % of responders to baseline questionnaire (n = 250) |
Before-group (n = 84) | After-group (n = 77) | GLA:D Back group (n = 89) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females, n (%) | 1% | 50 (60%) | 49 (65%) | 57 (65%) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 0.4% | 47.8 (13.7) | 46.4 (15.5) | 54.8 (13.4) |
| No qualification | 6% | 12 (16%) | 13 (17%) | 10 (12%) |
| Vocational training | 22 (29%) | 25 (33%) | 20 (24%) | |
| Higher education < 3 years | 11 (15%) | 12 (16%) | 12 (14%) | |
| Higher education > 3 years | 30 (40%) | 25 (33%) | 42 (50%) | |
| Ordinary work | 2% | 53 (65%) | 47 (62%) | 52 (59%) |
| Unemployed | 4 (5%) | 4 (5%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Rehabilitation | 3 (4%) | 5 (7%) | 4 (5%) | |
| Retired | 13(16%) | 11 (14%) | 31 (30%) | |
| Student/housewife/other | 9 (11%) | 9 (12%) | 5 (6%) | |
| Pain duration | 1% | |||
| < 4 weeks | 10 (12%) | 15 (20%) | 7 (8%) | |
| 4–12 weeks | 11 (13%) | 14 (18%) | 8 (9%) | |
| 3–12 months | 21 (25%) | 19 (25%) | 28 (32%) | |
| > 1 year | 41 (49%) | 28 (37%) | 45 (51%) | |
| Previous episodes | 1% | |||
| 0 | 19 (23%) | 20 (26%) | 22 (25%) | |
| 1 | 23 (28%) | 12 (16%) | 14 (16%) | |
| 2–3 | 17 (20%) | 12 (16%) | 15 (17%) | |
| > 3 | 24 (29%) | 32 (42%) | 37 (42%) | |
| Time since treatment initiated | 2% | |||
| < 2 weeks | 18 (22%) | 25 (33%) | 12 (14%) | |
| 2–4 weeks | 13 (16%) | 10 (13%) | 15 (17%) | |
| > 4 weeks | 52 (63%) | 40 (53%) | 60 (69%) | |
| No. of health care visits for present LBP | 2% | |||
| 1 | 16 (19%) | 19 (25%) | 15 (17%) | |
| 2–5 | 52 (63%) | 45 (60%) | 58 (67%) | |
| 6–10 | 10 (12%) | 7 (9%) | 12 (14%) | |
| > 10 | 5 (6%) | 4 (5%) | 2 (2%) | |
| Pain medication | 1% | |||
| None | 38 (46%) | 40 (56%) | 39 (44%) | |
| Over the counter | 20 (24%) | 15 (29%) | 21 (24%) | |
| Prescription | 24 (29%) | 18 (24%) | 29 (33%) | |
| START Back risk | 6% | |||
| Low | [any of 9 items missing] | 41 (55%) | 38 (51%) | 40 (46%) |
| Medium | 24 (32%) | 22 (30%) | 25 (29%) | |
| High | 10 (13%) | 14 (19%) | 22 (25%) | |
| Oswestry Disability Index, mean (SD) | 1% [≥ 4 of 10 items missing] | 20.6 (11.2) | 21.0 (12.3) | 25.1 (11.9) |
| Back pain (0–10) | 1% | 5.0 (2.2) | 5.7 (2.3) | 5.0 (2.1) |
| Leg pain (0–10) | 1% | 2.5 (2.5) | 3.0 (2.8) | 3.0 (2.6) |
| Sick leave last 3 months* | 1% | |||
| 0 days | 41 (77%) | 36 (77%) | 36 (71%) | |
| 1–14 days | 10 (19%) | 7 (15%) | 10 (20%) | |
| > 15 days | 2 (4%) | 4 (9%) | 5 (10%) | |
| Illness perceptions, mean (SD) | 2% [≥ 3 of 9 items missing] | 39.9 (11.8) | 41.1 (11.8) | 42.1 (10.0) |
| Fear-avoidance beliefs, mean (SD) | 5% [any of 4 items missing] | 10.3 (5.9) | 8.5 (5.9) | 8.6 (5.9) |
| Mental wellbeing, mean (SD) | 4% [any of 5 items missing] | 70.7 (16.2) | 72.5 (16.8) | 71.9 (18.1) |
| Impaired social functioning | 3% | 11 (14%) | 15 (20%) | 24 (27%) |
| Back pain enablement | 6% [any of 6 items missing] | 40.4 (12.6) | 41.5 (11.0) | 39.5 (12.2) |
| Perceived physical fitness (0–40) | 1% | 18.7 (6.1) | 20.4 (6.0) | 17.7 (5.7) |
| Pain or restricted movement in forward bending | 3% | 49 (58%) | 41 (58%) | 60 (68%) |
| Seconds of trunk flexor endurance (0–120), mean (SD) | 11% | 52.6 (33.7) | 55.5 (35.2) | 49.1 (32.8) |
| Seconds of extensor endurance (0–180), mean (SD) | 21% | 76.8 (55.0) | 88.6 (61.6) | 71.9 (56.4) |
| Impaired straight leg raise test one or both sides | 3% | 28 (33%) | 23 (32%) | 27 (31%) |
Before-group participants recruited prior to implementation of GLA:D Back, after-group participants recruited after the implementation
* Among those working