Table 6.
Observed (unadjusted) and marginal (adjusted) change scores from baseline to 4-month follow-up with 95% confidence intervals
| Before-group n = 63 |
After-group n = 59 |
GLA:D Back group n = 78 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oswestry Disability Index (0–100) | Unadjusted | 1.8 (− 1.2; 4.8) | 4.4 (1.7; 7.1) | 6.5 (4.6; 8.4) |
| Adjusted | 2.4 (− 0.5; 5.3) | 4.8 (1.9; 7.6) | 5.7 (3.3; 8.1) | |
| Back pain intensity (0–10) | Unadjusted | 0.6 (−0.05; 1.3) | 1.9 (1.2; 2.7) | 1.2 (0.6; 1.7) |
| Adjusted | 0.8 (0.1; 1.5) | 1.4 (0.7; 2.1) | 1.3 (0.7; 1.9) | |
| Leg pain intensity (0–10) | Unadjusted | 0.3 (−0.4; 1.0) | 0.9 (0.3; 1.6) | 0.8 (0.2;1.4) |
| Adjusted | 0.7 (0.03; 1.4) | 0.7 (−0.04; 1.4) | 0.7 (0.1; 1.3) | |
| Illness perceptions (0–80) | Unadjusted | 2.7 (−1.2; 6.5) | 3.6 (0.2; 7.1) | 7.1 (4.3; 9.9) |
| Adjusted | 4.0 (0.07; 7.9) | 2.7 (−1.2; 6.7) | 6.7 (3.3; 10.0) | |
| Fear-avoidance beliefs (0–24) | Unadjusted | 1.3 (−0.2; 2.9) | 2.3 (0.8; 3.7) | 2.2 (1.0; 3.5) |
| Adjusted | 0.8 (−0.9; 2.5) | 1.8 (0.2; 3.5) | 2.2 (0.7; 3.6) | |
| Mental well-being (0–100) | Unadjusted | 4.7 (0.7; 8.8) | 5.1 (0.2; 10.0) | 7.3 (3.5; 11.1) |
| Adjusted | 4.0 (−0.2; 8.2) | 6.1 (1.9; 10.4) | 7.3 (3.8; 10.9) | |
| Back pain enablement (0–60) | Unadjusted | 2.9 (−0.4; 6.2) | 2.8 (−0.4; 6.1) | 5.9 (3.5; 8.4) |
| Adjusted | 2.3 (−0.6; 5.2) | 2.4 (−0.5; 5.4) | 5.5 (3.1; 7.9) | |
| Perceived physical fitness (0–40) | Unadjusted | 0.7 (−0.5; 1.8) | 0.4 (−0.7; 1.5) | 1.4 (0.4; 2.3) |
| Adjusted | 0.6 (−0.6; 1.7) | 0.4 (−0.6; 1.5) | 1.4 (0.4; 2.3) | |
| Abdominal endurance, seconds | Unadjusted | 9.0 (−0.5; 18.5) [n = 38] |
27.8 (15.8; 39.8) [n = 17] |
24.0 (16.8; 31.3) [n = 59] |
| Adjusted | 8.7 (−3.3; 20.7) | 26.9 (11.9; 42.0) | 22.3 (12.7; 31.9) | |
| Extensor endurance, seconds | Unadjusted | 13.3 (−1.6; 28.2) [n = 34] |
41.9 (19.8; 65.1) [n = 16] |
43.0 (27.9; 58.0) [n = 47] |
| Adjusted | 9.2 (−8.5; 26.8) | 41.3 (18.2; 64.4) | 46.5 (32.7; 60.4) | |
| Proportion at follow-up, % | ||||
| Impaired social functioning | Unadjusted | 14% | 14% | 18% |
| Adjusted | 13% | 15% | 17% | |
| High satisfaction | Unadjusted | 76% | 78% | 85% |
| Adjusted | 81% | 77% | 85% | |
| Pain or restricted movement in forward bending | Unadjusted | 33% [n = 43] | 32% [n = 25] | 28% [n = 67] |
| Adjusted | 36% | 31% | 29% | |
| Stopped pain medication* | Unadjusted | 21% | 18% | 44% |
| Adjusted | 16% | 17% | 43% | |
Covariates in adjusted analyses: age, gender, education, START risk group, baseline value of covariate (when collected)
Before-group participants recruited prior to implementation of GLA:D Back, after-group participants recruited after the implementation
*Proportion not using pain medication among patient who used pain medication at baseline