Table 1.

Self‐Reporting Questionnaires Measuring QoL Used in This Review Article

Generic questionnaires on quality of life
SF‐36: Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36 Health Survey	SF‐36 is the most commonly used generic health survey. It measures physical and mental QoL by evaluating physical, social, and emotional functioning. It consists of 36 questions and standardized response choices, which are organized into 8 domains: physical functioning (PF), social functioning (SF), role limitation due to physical health problems (RP), role limitation due to emotional problems (RE), mental health (MH), vitality (VT), bodily pain (BP), and general health perceptions (GH). Items are combined to form the mental component summary (MCS) and the physical component summary (PCS). The MCS measures social functioning and role limitations due to vitality and emotional distress, whereas the PCS estimates physical health and role limitations due to physical difficulties and bodily pain. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better functioning and higher QoL.9, 10
EQ‐5D Index and VAS: EuroQoL 5D	EQ‐5D is a generic questionnaire that consists of 2 parts; EQ‐5D Index and EQ‐5D Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). EQ‐5D Index assesses QoL in 5 dimensions (mobility, self‐care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression). Each dimension has 3 levels of severity: no problems, some/moderate problems, or extreme problems. The EQ‐5D questionnaire gives 243 (35) possible health states. These states are converted into a single summary index by adding preference weights from population norms. The EQ‐5D Index ranges from 0 to 1, with a higher score indicating higher QoL, EQ VAS measures the individuals’ perceived health from 0 (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state).11
Questionnaires on mental health and fatigue
HADS: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale	HADS is a well‐established questionnaire developed to provide a reliable and valid rating scale for anxiety and depression in medical settings. Because it omits somatic symptoms of depression such as fatigue and appetite changes, it is widely used to detect false‐positive findings in medical patients. It is a 14‐item scale with scores ranging from 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating greater distress.12
STAI: The State Trait Anxiety Inventory	STAI is a 40‐item questionnaire assessing both state anxiety (temporary feeling) and trait anxiety (general feeling). The purpose of the questionnaire is to measure the present level of anxiety and anxiety predisposition. The total score on both subscales ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating higher levels of anxiety.13, 14
MFI‐20: Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory‐20	MFI‐20 is a 20‐item questionnaire assessing the severity of fatigue. It covers different aspects of fatigue: general, physical, mental fatigue, and reduced activity and motivation. Scores range from 4 to 20, with higher scores indicating more symptoms of fatigue.15
BDI: Beck Depression Inventory	BDI is a 21‐item questionnaire measuring the severity of depression the past week. Scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating greater levels of depression.14, 16
AF disease‐specific questionnaires on symptoms and quality of life
AF‐QoL: Atrial Fibrillation Quality of Life	AF‐QoL is a questionnaire that contains 18 items with 3 domains: psychological, physical, and sexual activity. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better QoL.17
AFEQT: Atrial Fibrillation Effect on Quality of Life	AFEQT is a 20‐item questionnaire assessing 4 domains in AF‐related QoL: daily activities, symptoms, treatment concerns, and treatment satisfaction. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better QoL.18
AF‐SCL: Symptom Checklist—Frequency and Severity Scale	AF‐SCL is a questionnaire that measures the patient's perception of arrhythmia‐related symptom frequency and severity over a 1‐week interval. Scores range from 0 to 64 on the frequency scale and 0 to 48 on the severity scale, with higher scores indicating greater symptom burden.19
AFS/B: Atrial Fibrillation Symptom and Burden	AFS/B is a 2‐part questionnaire: atrial fibrillation symptom (AFS) and atrial fibrillation burden (AFB). AFS measures the effect of symptoms on daily life by a set of 8 questions classified into asymptomatic, mild, moderate, or severe. AFB measures disease and health‐care utilization by a set of 6 questions. Each question is classified into none, minimal, moderate, and severe burden.20
AFSS: University of Toronto Atrial Fibrillation Severity Scale	AFSS is a 7‐item questionnaire that measures the patient's perception of AF disease burden including frequency, duration, and severity of episodes. Scores range from 0 to 35, with higher scores indicating greater AF symptoms severity.15

AF indicates atrial fibrillation; QoL, quality of life.