Table 1.
Temporal Trends and Annual Change of Primary HF and AF Hospitalization Rates Among Patients ≥30 Years of Age, 1993–2014
| 1993 | 2014 | Change (SE) | % | P Trend | P Interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HF | ||||||
| Overall | 407.4 | 271.3 | −7.02 (0.58) | −1.72 | <0.0001 | |
| By sex | 0.94 | |||||
| Women | 361.8 | 230.5 | −7.22 (0.67) | −1.99 | <0.0001 | |
| Men | 474.9 | 320.9 | −7.28 (0.52) | −1.53 | <0.0001 | |
| By race/ethnicity | 0.43 | |||||
| White | 371.4 | 234.2 | −7.21 (0.41) | −1.94 | <0.0001 | |
| Black | 694.0 | 530.2 | −8.73 (1.51) | −1.26 | <0.0001 | |
| Hispanic | 458.6 | 246.7 | −12.59 (2.37) | −2.75 | <0.0001 | |
| Other | 436.6 | 261.9 | −3.73 (2.06) | −0.86 | 0.084 | |
| By age group, y | <0.0001 | |||||
| 30–39 | 27.6 | 44 | 0.80 (0.14) | 2.91 | <0.0001 | |
| 40–49 | 95.7 | 122.2 | 1.05 (0.34) | 1.10 | 0.005 | |
| 50–59 | 335.8 | 281 | −3.86 (0.55) | −1.15 | <0.0001 | |
| 60–69 | 984.2 | 554.7 | −23.42 (1.78) | −2.38 | <0.0001 | |
| 70–79 | 2157.9 | 1238.2 | −46.87 (3.24) | −2.17 | <0.0001 | |
| ≥80 | 4510.9 | 3084.2 | −67.81 (4.70) | −1.50 | <0.0001 | |
| AF | ||||||
| Overall | 91.7 | 109 | 1.48 (0.22) | 1.61 | <0.0001 | |
| By sex | 0.87 | |||||
| Women | 83.6 | 100.7 | 1.40 (0.22) | 1.67 | <0.0001 | |
| Men | 99.9 | 115.3 | 1.45 (0.23) | 1.45 | <0.0001 | |
| By race/ethnicity | 0.75 | |||||
| White | 96.2 | 117.9 | 1.71 (0.23) | 1.78 | <0.0001 | |
| Black | 60.4 | 80.9 | 1.45 (0.17) | 2.40 | <0.0001 | |
| Hispanic | 70.9 | 72.4 | 0.26 (0.33) | 0.36 | 0.45 | |
| Other | 74.6 | 86.3 | 2.30 (0.63) | 3.08 | 0.002 | |
| By age group, y | <0.0001 | |||||
| 30–39 | 14.3 | 16.9 | 0.25 (0.05) | 1.73 | <0.0001 | |
| 40–49 | 33 | 44.1 | 0.98 (0.11) | 2.98 | <0.0001 | |
| 50–59 | 97.2 | 122.9 | 2.06 (0.20) | 2.12 | <0.0001 | |
| 60–69 | 261.8 | 271 | 2.13 (0.59) | 0.81 | 0.002 | |
| 70–79 | 515.5 | 564.1 | 5.13 (1.34) | 1.00 | 0.001 | |
| ≥80 | 724.4 | 992.2 | 18.09 (1.93) | 2.50 | <0.0001 | |
All rates except those by age groups are survey weighted and per 100 000 population. The rates by age groups are crude and per 100 000 population. Change denotes annual change in rate per 100 000 population and is calculated from a metaregression model with year as a continuous covariate. A negative value indicates decline and a positive value indicates increase in annual change per 100 000 and SE from 1993 to 2014. P for trend calculated using metaregression indicates the significance of the decline or the increase in hospitalization rates of primary heart failure hospitalizations from 1993 to 2014. P for interaction was calculated by adding an interactive term between the covariate and year in the model. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; HF, heart failure.