Table 4.
Average Marginal Effects for Index and Follow‐up Hospitalization Cost Models
| Average Marginal Effect, $a | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Index Hospitalization Model With Baseline Risk Factorsb | Index Hospitalization Model With Baseline Risk Factors and Complicationsc | Follow‐up Hospitalization Modeld | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Age (reference: <55), y | |||
| 55 to 64 | −33 (−686 to 620) | −249 (−820 to 320) | 341 (−514 to 1196) |
| 65 to 74 | −564 (−1283 to 156) | −712 (−1380 to −44) | 388 (−688 to 1463) |
| ≥75 | −946 (−2000 to 108) | −1060 (−2015 to −104) | −723 (−1916 to 470) |
| Women | −1250 (−1872 to −630) | −1074 (−1688 to −460) | −301 (−1095 to 494) |
| Hispanic | n/a | n/a | −1587 (−3263 to 89) |
| Health insurance (reference: private) | |||
| Government | 738 (−25 to 1502) | 823 (33–1613) | n/a |
| None | −704 (−1417 to 9) | −501 (−1218 to 216) | |
| Employed | 672 (159–1186) | 356 (−105 to 817) | −1250 (−2011 to −489) |
| ≥High school education | 773 (84–1461) | 668 (26–1310) | n/a |
| Well‐being before admission | |||
| EQ‐5D visual analog scalec | −217 (−363 to −72) | −142 (−278 to −7) | −498 (−687 to −309) |
| EQ‐5D Self‐Care (reference: no problems) | |||
| Some problems | 2957 (1722–4191) | 1706 (690–2721) | 1241 (−9 to 2491) |
| Unable to perform | 6159 (3909–8410) | 5488 (3403–7572) | 3726 (−2204 to 9655) |
| PHQ‐2 depression (reference: low) | |||
| Moderate | −905 (−1615 to −195) | −710 (−1340 to −80) | 720 (−394 to 1834) |
| High | −2001 (−2973 to −1029) | −1724 (−2724 to −724) | 956 (−1131 to 3044) |
| EQ‐5D Pain (reference: none) | |||
| Moderate | n/a | n/a | 1374 (621–2129) |
| Extreme | 1701 (−74 to 3476) | ||
| EQ‐5D Anxiety/Depression (reference: none) | |||
| Moderate | n/a | n/a | 233 (−572 to 1038) |
| Extreme | 2102 (−180 to 4383) | ||
| Comorbid illness | |||
| Chronic lung disease | n/a | n/a | 1102 (62–2141) |
| Creatinine (reference: CrCl ≥60 mg/dL) | |||
| <30 mg/dL | 634 (−1105 to 2374) | 538 (−880 to 1957) | 3438 (1359–5517) |
| 30 to 44 mg/dL | 2307 (993–3622) | 2007 (915–3099) | 1026 (−217 to 2268) |
| 45 to 59 mg/dL | 522 (−143 to 1187) | 439 (−175 to 1053) | 502 (−400 to 1405) |
| Prior stroke/TIA | −1236 (−2162 to −310) | −758 (−1703 to 188) | n/a |
| Hypertension | 763 (344–1182) | 498 (80–916) | 2003 (1304–2701) |
| Smoker (within the past year) | n/a | n/a | 152 (−613 to 917) |
| GI/GU bleeding in the past 6 mo | n/a | n/a | 1409 (−2321 to 5140) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | n/a | n/a | 4037 (2427–5647) |
| Diabetes mellitus | n/a | n/a | 2301 (1473–3129) |
| Severity of cardiac disease/presentation acuity | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | n/a | n/a | 1643 (103–3184) |
| Prior PCI | n/a | n/a | 490 (−427 to 1406) |
| Prior CABG | n/a | n/a | −1597 (−2879 to −315) |
| HF (reference: none) | |||
| Signs within 2 wks before admission | 3070 (1646–4495) | 3191 (1798–4584) | 2622 (1205–4038) |
| History without signs within 2 wks of admission | 422 (−1656 to 2500) | 419 (−1534 to 2372) | 4196 (1940–6453) |
| EF <40% | 1504 (625–2383) | 1483 (638–2329) | 4029 (2817–5241) |
| STEMI on presentation | 644 (44–1244) | 875 (309–1440) | 758 (63–1454) |
| Cardiac arrest on presentation | 3031 (1156–4905) | 2423 (702–4143) | −1811 (−3160 to −462) |
| Cardiogenic shock on presentation | 1516 (−642 to 3674) | 1373 (−750 to 3496) | n/a |
| Heart rate at presentation (reference: 60–99 beats per min) | |||
| <60 | n/a | n/a | −971 (−1851 to −91) |
| >100 | 1425 (372–2478) | ||
| Hemoglobin on presentation (reference: 13–15 g/dL) | |||
| <13 | 1780 (1030–2530) | 1635 (966–2304) | 1772 (843–2701) |
| ≥15 | 83 (−491 to 658) | 130 (−430 to 691) | −666 (−1408 to 76) |
| No. of diseased vessels (reference: 1) | |||
| 2 | 1472 (1002–1941) | 1124 (677–1571) | 2446 (1729–3163) |
| ≥3 | 2920 (2215–3625) | 2292 (1641–2943) | 5277 (4167–6385) |
| Lesion length (sum) (reference: 8–14 mm) | |||
| 15 to 22 | 1260 (608–1913) | 1215 (590–1841) | 635 (−337 to 1607) |
| 23 to 30 | 2250 (1507–2993) | 1911 (1183–2639) | 259 (−683 to 1200) |
| ≥31 | 3881 (2993–4769) | 2992 (2055–3930) | 843 (−132 to 1818) |
| Bifurcated culprit lesion | 1251 (447–2054) | 1060 (275–1844) | n/a |
| Culprit lesion in graft | n/a | 659 (−1258 to 2575) | |
| ACTION bleed risk score (reference: very low) | |||
| Low | 813 (272–1353) | 602 (57–1148) | n/a |
| Moderate | 2316 (983–3650) | 2006 (698–3314) | |
| High | 3130 (778–5483) | 2444 (220–4668) | |
| Very high | 7228 (344–14112) | 5251 (−1411 to 11913) | |
| Process of care | |||
| Prior use of P2Y12 inhibitor | n/a | n/a | −1812 (−2949 to −675) |
| Transferred from another hospital | 463 (−514 to 1439) | 463 (−499 to 1424) | n/a |
| Primary service cardiology/cardiothoracic surgery | n/a | n/a | −1618 (−2665 to −572) |
| Procedure characteristics | |||
| Stent use (reference: DES) | |||
| None | n/a | −721 (−2231 to 790) | 4776 (2213–7338) |
| BMS | −1704 (−2315 to −1093) | 3083 (2222–3943) | |
| Femoral access (vs radial) | n/a | n/a | 445 (−506 to 1397) |
| No. of vessels dilated (reference: 1) | |||
| 2 | n/a | 1242 (612–1873) | n/a |
| ≥3 | 3194 (1822–4565) | ||
| Complications | |||
| Any bleeding | n/a | 2026 (823–3229) | n/a |
| Bleeding (reference: none) | |||
| Hemodynamically unstable | n/a | n/a | 2880 (−1435 to 7195) |
| Transfusion for overt bleeding | 368 (−5444 to 6180) | ||
| Other | 2577 (255–4898) | ||
| CABG | n/a | 42277 (32407–52147) | |
| Other surgery | n/a | 13317 (8125–18509) | n/a |
| MI | n/a | 7293 (2937–11648) | n/a |
| Cardiogenic shock | n/a | 4814 (2082–7546) | n/a |
| HF | n/a | 4566 (1870–7263) | n/a |
| Stroke/CVA | n/a | 17809 (9784–25833) | n/a |
| Hospital characteristics | |||
| Region (reference: west) | |||
| Northeast | −1485 (−4793 to 1822) | −1565 (−4744 to 1614) | −48 (−1339 to 1242) |
| Midwest | −2975 (−5838 to −111) | −2789 (−5615 to 36) | 939 (−245 to 2123) |
| South | −4150 (−7031 to −1270) | −4000 (−6807 to −1193) | −252 (−1456 to 951) |
| Control (reference: other private) | |||
| Government | 1043 (−1575 to 3662) | 1178 (−1255 to 3612) | n/a |
| Private for profit | −1904 (−3536 to −272) | −1725 (−3420 to −31) | |
| Bed size (reference: ≥500), No. | |||
| <300 | n/a | n/a | −1230 (−2057 to −403) |
| 300 to 499 | −236 (−1034 to 562) | ||
ACTION indicates Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network; BMS, bare‐metal stent; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CrCl, creatinine clearance; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DES, drug‐eluting stent; EF, ejection fraction; GI/GU, gastrointestinal/genitourinary; HF, heart failure; MI, myocardial infarction; n/a, not applicable (variable not in model); PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PHQ‐2, Patient Health Questionnaire‐2; STEMI, ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
a
Mean (CI).
b
Corresponds to Figure 1.
c
Corresponds to Figure 2.
d
Corresponds to Figure 4.