Table I.

The top key messages of the ‘4th Workshop on Paediatric Virology’ on HPV infections and prevention in childhood.

HPV vaccination	Recent data indicate that catch-up HPV vaccination among young women in Sweden has been extremely useful and has by itself gradually exhibited an important effect in decreasing HPV prevalence.
	Further research is required in evaluating current policies and programmes, and investigating novel strategies to enhance acceptability and HPV vaccination uptake among adolescents.
HPV and neonatal prematurity	Comprehensive and high-quality evidence of such an effect of HPV on pregnancy outcomes may be an additional motivation for HPV vaccination; on the other hand, the absence of such an association could dispel anxiety and reassure HPV-infected pregnant women and clinicians.
	Future prospective cohorts with larger samples sizes are required to ascertain the potential causality between maternal HPV infection and neonatal prematurity.
HPV-related JO-RRP	JO-RRP is a difficult and frustrating condition to treat; requiring multiple procedures to maintain airway and voice, and therefore a careful determination of the proper management method for each case is a fundamental step for the improvement of the quality of life in children suffering from JO-RRP.
	Carefully reviewing the existing data and assessing the advantages and disadvantages of each therapeutic approach, will help us develop an evidence-based therapeutic approach for the treatment of JO-RRP.
	JO-RRP is related to vertical HPV transmission and in the following years, HPV vaccination is expected to have a significant contribution in the prevention of laryngeal papillomatosis in neonates and children.
HPV-related conjunctival papilloma	A sessile limbal conjunctival papilloma must be observed or closely excised; if the lesion exhibits dysplastic or carcinomatous growth, then excisional biopsy with adjunctive cryotherapy is indicated.
HPV-related HNSCC as a vaccination target	While the marketed current HPV vaccines prevent anogenital HPV infection, their impact on the natural history of oral HPV, as well as their efficacy in preventing
	HPV-related HNSCC are at present unknown and warrant further investigation in the future.

HPV, human papilloma viruses; JO-RRP, juvenile onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.