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Averaged EL was calculated frame by frame from one R-wave to the next. Changes of LAEL in a complete cardiac cycle were shown. The cardiac cycle was divided into three phases: Ventricular systolic phase (phase a, reservoir phase), early diastolic phase (phase b, conduit phase) and atrial contraction phase (phase c) according to valve opening and closing. EL, energy loss; LAEL, left atrial energy loss.
