Table 1.

Carotenoid contents and compositions in tubes, limbs, and leaves of petunia and calibrachoa

Species	Tissue	Carotenoid component									Total carotenoid content (μg/g f.w.)
		(all-E)-Neoxanthin	(all-E)-Violaxanthin	(9′Z)-Neoxanthin	(9Z)-Violaxanthin	Unknown xanthophyll	(all-E)-Lutein	(all-E)-Zeaxanthin + (all-E)-antheraxanthin	(all-E)-β-Carotene	Unidentified
Petunia “California Girl”	Tube (μg/g f.w.)	3.59 ± 0.49b	4.29 ± 0.51	2.95 ± 0.07	4.11 ± 0.21	2.93 ± 0.38	6.82 ± 0.51	3.36 ± 0.58	5.78 ± 0.20	6.18 ± 0.50	40.01 ± 1.20 cd
	(%)a	8.96 ± 1.24 ac	10.73 ± 1.27 a	7.38 ± 0.19 ab	10.27 ± 0.53 b	7.33 ± 0.96 a	17.05 ± 1.26 bc	8.41 ± 1.45 ab	14.4 ± 0.50 c	15.44 ± 1.24 abc
	Limb (μg/g f.w.)	1.23 ± 0.24	2.11 ± 0.51	1.70 ± 0.05	1.49 ± 0.15	2.37 ± 0.04	6.29 ± 0.27	3.94 ± 0.88	3.98 ± 0.40	2.54 ± 0.13	25.65 ± 0.90 d
	(%)	4.83 ± 0.95 b	8.22 ± 2.01 a	6.62 ± 0.20 b	5.81 ± 0.57 c	9.23 ± 0.15 a	27.54 ± 1.04 b	15.35 ± 3.42 a	15.5 ± 1.57 abc	9.90 ± 0.52 c
	Leaf (μg/g f.w.)	1.64 ± 0.45	9.31 ± 2.13	9.26 ± 0.62	1.96 ± 0.31	0.31 ± 0.31	51.33 ± 1.26	1.23 ± 0.27	12.9 ± 0.15	12.60 ± 0.76	100.23 ± 5.40 bc
	(%)	1.63 ± 0.45 bc	9.29 ± 2.13 a	9.24 ± 0.62 ab	1.96 ± 0.31 cd	0.31 ± 0.31 c	51.21 ± 1.25 a	1.23 ± 0.27 b	12.9 ± 0.15 c	12.57 ± 0.75 bc
Calibrachoa “Tifosi Deep Yellow”	Tube (μg/g f.w.)	17.64 ± 1.29	31.14 ± 1.51	30.40 ± 4.15	41.78 ± 2.75	12.75 ± 0.30	23.62 ± 1.89	13.46 ± 1.55	61.18 ± 10.01	45.30 ± 4.64	277.29 ± 27.13 a
	(%)	6.36 ± 0.47 ab	11.23 ± 0.55 a	10.96 ± 1.50 a	15.07 ± 0.99 a	4.60 ± 0.11 b	8.52 ± 0.68 c	4.86 ± 0.56 b	22.07 ± 3.61 ab	16.34 ± 1.67 abc
	Limb (μg/g f.w.)	13.23 ± 1.42	41.87 ± 4.72	20.50 ± 2.53	29.38 ± 4.31	12.80 ± 1.32	29.89 ± 3.40	10.40 ± 1.22	67.86 ± 5.28	57.37 ± 4.50	283.31 ± 26.50 a
	(%)	4.67 ± 0.50 b	14.78 ± 1.67 a	7.24 ± 0.89 ab	10.37 ± 1.52 b	4.52 ± 0.47 b	10.55 ± 1.20 c	3.67 ± 0.43 b	23.95 ± 1.86 a	20.25 ± 1.59 a
	Leaf (μg/g f.w.)	5.47 ± 0.11	13.66 ± 1.18	13.84 ± 1.68	2.78 ± 0.27	4.82 ± 0.32	79.00 ± 8.09	6.19 ± 0.54	25.08 ± 1.00	24.43 ± 2.74	170.45 ± 15.20 b
	(%)	3.21 ± 0.06 b	8.01 ± 0.69 a	8.12 ± 0.98 ab	1.63 ± 0.16 d	2.83 ± 0.19 b	46.35 ± 4.74 a	3.63 ± 0.32 b	14.71 ± 0.59 bc	14.33 ± 1.60 ab

^aRatio of carotenoid component to total carotenoids (%).

^bMeans ± SE (n = 3).

^cThe same letter within a component indicates no significant difference by Tukey’s test (P < 0.05).