TABLE 3—
Association Between Demographic and Resettlement Profile and Elevated Blood Lead Level Among Resettled Refugee Children Younger Than 6 Years: Ohio, 2009–2016
| EBLL (≥ 5 µg/dL) |
||||
| % (95% CI) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | Adjusteda PR (95% CI) | |
| Overall (n = 2378) | 100.0 | 27.1 (25.2, 28.8) | . . . | . . . |
| Age group, mo | ||||
| < 12 | 6.7 (5.7, 7.7) | 23.3 (16.7, 29.8) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| 12 to < 24 | 19.6 (17.9, 21.2) | 32.4 (28.1, 36.6) | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) |
| 24 to < 36 | 19.0 (17.5, 20.6) | 25.6 (21.6, 29.6) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) |
| 36 to < 48 | 17.1 (15.6, 18.6) | 25.8 (21.5, 30.0) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
| 48 to < 60 | 19.2 (17.7, 20.8) | 24.9 (20.9, 28.8) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
| 60 to < 72 | 18.3 (16.7, 19.8) | 27.6 (23.4, 31.8) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.0) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 49.2 (47.2, 51.2) | 25.9 (23.4, 28.4) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
| Female | 50.8 (48.8, 52.8) | 28.2 (25.6, 30.8) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Country of origin | ||||
| Afghanistan | 2.9 (2.3, 3.6) | 75.7 (65.7, 85.8) | 8.6 (4.5, 16.2) | 8.0 (3.9, 16.5) |
| Bhutan | 28.5 (26.7, 30.3) | 39.7 (35.9, 43.4) | 4.5 (2.4, 8.4) | 3.6 (1.8, 7.4) |
| Burma | 10.3 (9.1, 11.6) | 30.9 (25.1, 36.7) | 3.5 (1.8, 6.7) | 2.6 (1.2, 5.5) |
| Burundi | 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) | 20.8 (4.6, 37.1) | 2.4 (0.9, 6.4) | 1.7 (0.5, 5.3) |
| Congo | 0.9 (0.5, 1.3) | 22.7 (5.2, 40.2) | 2.6 (0.9, 6.9) | 2.8 (0.8, 8.1) |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | 8.8 (7.6, 9.9) | 25.0 (19.1, 30.9) | 2.8 (1.4, 5.5) | 2.6 (1.2, 5.3) |
| Eritrea | 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) | 13.0 (3.3, 22.8) | 1.5 (0.5, 3.9) | 1.7 (0.6, 4.9) |
| Ethiopia | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 6.9 (0.0, 16.1) | 0.8 (0.2, 3.4) | 0.9 (0.2, 4.3) |
| Iraq | 16.1 (14.7, 17.6) | 16.1 (12.5, 19.8) | 1.8 (0.9, 3.5) | 1.7 (0.8, 3.6) |
| Nepal | 1.6 (1.1, 2.1) | 43.6 (28.0, 59.1) | 4.9 (2.4, 10.1) | 4.4 (1.8, 10.4) |
| Somalia | 16.3 (14.8, 17.8) | 12.9 (9.5, 16.2) | 1.5 (0.7, 2.9) | 1.9 (0.9, 3.9) |
| Sudan | 1.9 (1.3, 2.4) | 26.7 (13.7, 39.6) | 3.0 (1.4, 6.6) | 2.9 (1.2, 7.3) |
| Ukraine | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 12.0 (0.0, 24.7) | 1.4 (0.4, 4.6) | 1.1 (0.3, 4.1) |
| Other countriesb | 3.0 (2.3, 3.7) | 30.5 (19.9, 41.2) | 3.5 (1.7, 7.1) | 3.2 (1.4, 7.2) |
| Syria | 4.3 (3.4, 5.1) | 8.8 (3.3, 14.3) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Arrival year | ||||
| 2009 | 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) | 29.4 (16.9, 41.9) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.7 (1.0, 3.0) |
| 2010 | 10.3 (9.1, 11.5) | 33.1 (27.2, 38.9) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.6) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) |
| 2011 | 7.6 (6.5, 8.6) | 28.3 (21.7, 34.9) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) |
| 2012 | 10.9 (9.6, 12.1) | 30.5 (24.9, 35.5) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) |
| 2013 | 12.1 (10.8, 13.4) | 30.2 (24.9, 35.5) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) |
| 2014 | 14.3 (12.9, 15.7) | 21.4 (17.0, 25.8) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) |
| 2015 | 17.3 (15.8, 18.8) | 24.7 (20.6, 28.9) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) |
| 2016 | 25.3 (23.6, 27.1) | 25.7 (22.2, 29.2) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| County of resettlement | ||||
| Cuyahoga | 23.4 (21.7, 25.1) | 33.0 (29.1, 36.9) | 2.4 (0.8, 6.9) | 1.6 (0.5, 5.4) |
| Franklin | 45.4 (43.4, 47.5) | 15.4 (13.3, 17.6) | 1.1 (0.4, 3.3) | 0.8 (0.2, 2.6) |
| Hamilton | 5.3 (4.4, 6.2) | 21.4 (14.2, 28.6) | 1.6 (0.5, 4.7) | 0.9 (0.3, 3.2) |
| Montgomery | 6.8 (5.7, 7.8) | 22.4 (15.9, 28.8) | 1.6 (0.5, 4.9) | 1.3 (0.4, 4.5) |
| Summit | 18.1 (16.6, 19.7) | 52.4 (47.7, 57.1) | 3.8 (1.3, 11.0) | 2.0 (0.6, 6.6) |
| Lucas | 0.9 (0.5, 1.3) | 13.6 (0.0, 27.9) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Time to postarrival medical screening, d | ||||
| ≤ 30 | 39.4 (37.5, 41.4) | 30.2 (27.2, 33.1) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.5) | 2.3 (1.3, 4.2) |
| 31–60 | 43.2 (41.2, 45.2) | 26.2 (23.5, 28.8) | 1.8 (1.0, 3.0) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.5) |
| 61 to 90 | 13.9 (12.5, 15.3) | 23.9 (19.3, 28.5) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.8) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.2) |
| > 90 | 3.4 (2.7, 4.1) | 14.8 (7.1, 22.5) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; EBLL = elevated blood lead level; PR = prevalence ratio.
Adjusted for age group, sex, year of arrival, country of origin, county of resettlement, and time to postarrival medical screening.
EBLL among other countries (no. of children with EBLL/total no. of children): Central African Republic (2/3), Colombia (4/7), Cuba (0/2), Ecuador (1/3), Gabon (1/2), Guinea (1/1), Haiti (1/1), Iran (0/1), Jordan (0/3), Kenya (0/2), Malaysia (0/6), Mauritania (2/2), Moldova (0/1), Pakistan (4/10), Palestine (2/3), Russia (0/4), Rwanda (1/2), South Sudan (0/1), Thailand (1/2), Turkey (0/2), Uganda (1/3), Uzbekistan (0/3), Vietnam (1/2), Yemen (0/1), and Zimbabwe (0/5).