Table 2.

Strategies versus single‐loop and double‐loop learning

	Single‐Loop Learning	Double‐Loop Learning
Optimize
▫ OR schedule	Current processes	Reengineered processes
▫ Inventory	Current processes	Reengineered processes
▫ Supply chains	Current processes	Reengineered processes
Adapt
▫ Demand level	Increase/decrease capacities	Create agile capacities
▫ Demand mix	Increase/decrease capacities	Create agile capacities
▫ Inflation	Raise prices if possible	Increase process efficiencies
Hedge
▫ Business models	Hedge most likely scenario	Create portfolio of hedges
▫ Payment schemes	Hedge most likely scenario	Create portfolio of hedges
▫ Innovation	Hedge primary opportunities	Create portfolio of hedges
Accept
▫ Population trends	Project primary impacts	Develop causal model
▫ Economic trends	Project primary impacts	Develop causal model
▫ Social trends	Project primary impacts	Develop causal model