Table 3. Adjusted odds ratio showing association between migration status and modern contraceptive use, ANC visits, and delivery in a health facility among women age 15–49, Nepal DHS 2016.

Variables	Modern contraceptive use (n = 8811)	4+ ANC visits (n = 3220)	Delivered in health facility (n = 3220)
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Migration status
Rural-to-rural	1.00	1.00	1.00
Urban-to-urban	1.37* (1.06–1.77)	1.89* (1.02–3.50)	2.74** (1.46–5.11)
Urban-to-rural	1.11 (0.81–1.53)	1.04 (0.58–1.88)	1.96* (1.12–3.42)
Rural-to-urban	1.20 (1.00–1.45)	1.35* (1.02–1.78)	1.92*** (1.43–2.58)
Urban non-migrants	1.29* (1.02–1.64)	1.40 (0.97–2.01)	1.60* (1.09–2.33)
Rural non-migrants	1.12 (0.94–1.34)	1.03 (0.74–1.42)	0.94 (0.66–1.33)
Age
15–19	1.00	1.00	1.00
20–29	2.33*** (1.75–3.11)	0.67* (0.47–0.97)	0.47*** (0.32–0.69)
30–39	4.77*** (3.40–6.69)	0.64* (0.41–0.99)	0.42*** (0.27–0.66)
40–49	5.24*** (3.77–7.28)	0.43** (0.24–0.75)	0.35** (0.17–0.70)
Education
No education	1.00	1.00	1.00
Primary	0.78** (0.67–0.91)	1.47** (1.14–1.89)	1.40* (1.07–1.82)
Secondary	0.63*** (0.53–0.74)	2.36*** (1.81–3.08)	2.29*** (1.75–3.01)
SLC and above	0.62*** (0.51–0.76)	5.74*** (3.72–8.85)	3.38*** (2.37–4.82)
Caste/ethnicity
Dalit	1.00	1.00	1.00
Brahman/Chhetri	0.88 (0.72–1.07)	1.54* (1.09–2.17)	1.78** (1.22–2.61)
Terai caste	1.09 (0.86–1.38)	0.72 (0.47–1.11)	0.50*** (0.34–0.75)
Janajati	1.09 (0.91–1.32)	1.08 (0.78–1.49)	1.21 (0.86–1.70)
Muslim	0.48*** (0.32–0.71)	0.68 (0.37–1.26)	0.52* (0.30–0.92)
Occupation
Not working	1.00	1.00	1.00
Non-agriculture	1.30** (1.11–1.53)	1.06 (0.76–1.49)	1.04 (0.75–1.45)
Agriculture	1.32** (1.12–1.56)	1.36* (1.06–1.76)	0.97 (0.77–1.21)
Wealth quintile
First	1.00	1.00	1.00
Second	1.20* (1.00–1.44)	1.47** (1.11–1.94)	1.41* (1.04–1.91)
Middle	1.24* (1.01–1.52)	2.19*** (1.57–3.07)	3.35*** (2.32–4.82)
Fourth	1.20 (0.97–1.48)	2.81*** (1.94–4.06)	4.73*** (3.22–6.95)
Highest	1.19 (0.92–1.53)	3.64*** (2.21–6.00)	8.69*** (4.86–15.52)

*** p<0.001

** p<0.01

* p<0.05