Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants by Social Strain, Women's Health Initiative Observational and Clinical Trials, n=10,785
| Social Strain | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (4) | Q2 (5 – 6) | Q3 (7 – 9) | Q4 (10 –20) | |
| (n=2,649) | (n=3,220) | (n=2,477) | (n=2,439) | |
| Age at WHI entry Mean (SD) | 61.3 (7) | 60.8 (7) | 60.3 (6.8) | 61.8 (7.2) |
| Education | ||||
| Missing | 22 (1%) | 40 (1%) | 39 (2%) | 25 (1%) |
| Less than High school diploma or GED | 207 (8%) | 288 (9%) | 376 (15%) | 219 (9%) |
| High school diploma or GED | 308 (12%) | 459 (14%) | 368 (15%) | 322 (13%) |
| Some college | 1011 (38%) | 1289 (40%) | 1009 (41%) | 838 (34%) |
| College graduate or higher | 1101 (42%) | 1144 (36%) | 685 (28%) | 1035 (42%) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Missing | 52 (2%) | 43 (1%) | 36 (1%) | 30 (1%) |
| Never smoked | 1297 (49%) | 1593 (49%) | 1173 (47%) | 1225 (50%) |
| Past smoker | 1016 (38%) | 1220 (38%) | 936 (38%) | 957 (39%) |
| Current smoker | 284 (11%) | 364 (11%) | 332 (13%) | 227 (9%) |
| BMI | ||||
| Missing | 27 (1%) | 34 (1%) | 17 (1%) | 23 (1%) |
| <25 kg/m2 | 503 (19%) | 524 (16%) | 298 (12%) | 417 (17%) |
| 25–29 kg/m2 | 895 (34%) | 1052 (33%) | 738 (30%) | 888 (36%) |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 1224 (46%) | 1610 (50%) | 1424 (57%) | 1111 (46%) |
| Hormone use | ||||
| Missing | 6 (<1%) | 4 (<1%) | 3 (<1%) | 3 (<1%) |
| Never | 1456 (55%) | 1919 (60%) | 1483 (60%) | 1472 (60%) |
| Past user | 452 (17%) | 450 (14%) | 351 (14%) | 345 (14%) |
| Current user <5 years | 275 (10%) | 340 (11%) | 259 (10%) | 260 (11%) |
| Current user 5 to <10 years | 180 (7%) | 190 (6%) | 157 (6%) | 122 (5%) |
| Current user ≥10 years | 280 (11%) | 317 (10%) | 224 (9%) | 237 (10%) |
| Type of hormone use | ||||
| Missing | 6 (<1%) | 4 (<1%) | 3 (<1%) | 3 (<1%) |
| Never user | 1456 (55%) | 1919 (60%) | 1483 (60%) | 1472 (60%) |
| Past user of either E alone or E+P | 452 (17%) | 450 (14%) | 351 (14%) | 345 (14%) |
| E-alone | 561 (21%) | 618 (19%) | 489 (20%) | 461 (19%) |
| E+P | 174 (7%) | 229 (7%) | 151 (6%) | 158 (6%) |
| Oral contraceptive use | ||||
| Missing | 1 (<1%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Yes | 1026 (39%) | 1343 (42%) | 1025 (41%) | 908 (37%) |
| Diabetes status | ||||
| Missing | 6 (<1%) | 4 (<1%) | 5 (<1%) | 5 (<1%) |
| Yes | 235 (9%) | 311 (10%) | 306 (12%) | 237 (10%) |
| Use of anti-hyperlipidemia drugs | ||||
| Missing | 178 (7%) | 212 (7%) | 163 (7%) | 119 (5%) |
| Yes | 342 (13%) | 404 (13%) | 346 (14%) | 289 (12%) |
| Hypertension history | ||||
| Missing | 157 (6%) | 192 (6%) | 132 (5%) | 109 (4%) |
| Never hypertensive | 1229 (46%) | 1445 (45%) | 1060 (43%) | 1171 (48%) |
| Treated hypertensive | 1037 (39%) | 1314 (41%) | 1028 (42%) | 978 (40%) |
| Untreated hypertensive | 226 (9%) | 269 (8%) | 257 (10%) | 181 (7%) |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Missing | 128 (5%) | 147 (5%) | 97 (4%) | 73 (3%) |
| None | 539 (20%) | 718 (22%) | 589 (24%) | 512 (21%) |
| >0–3.75 MET-hours/week | 472 (18%) | 580 (18%) | 456 (18%) | 407 (17%) |
| 3.75–8.75 MET-hours/week | 520 (20%) | 656 (20%) | 497 (20%) | 513 (21%) |
| 8.75–17.5 MET-hours/week | 490 (18%) | 531 (16%) | 426 (17%) | 435 (18%) |
| >=17.5 MET-hours/week | 500 (19%) | 588 (18%) | 412 (17%) | 499 (20%) |
| WHI Trial membership | ||||
| OS | 1304 (49%) | 1579 (49%) | 1236 (50%) | 1340 (55%) |
| E-only | 178 (7%) | 239 (7%) | 188 (8%) | 141 (6%) |
| E+P | 141 (5%) | 171 (5%) | 113 (5%) | 121 (5%) |
| DM | 827 (31%) | 978 (30%) | 739 (30%) | 683 (28%) |
| E+P and DM | 199 (8%) | 253 (8%) | 201 (8%) | 154 (6%) |
GED: General equivalency diploma; MET: metabolic equivalent; OS: Observational study; E+P: Estrogen plus progestin; DM: Dietary modification