Table 5.
Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations of stressful life events, established CVD risk factors, and CVD risk among African-American women in the Women's Health Initiative, n=2,765*
| events/N | Total person-years | Multivariable Model HR (95% CI)† | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stressful life events | 0.02 | |||
| Q4 (5 – 22) | 65/732 | 2832.8 | 1.61 (1.04, 2.51) | |
| Q3 (3 – 4) | 49/722 | 2838.2 | 1.20 (0.75, 1.89) | |
| Q2 (1 –2) | 66/712 | 2733.9 | 1.83 (1.19, 2.82) | |
| Q1 (0) | 35/599 | 2358.8 | 1.00 | |
| Resilience | 0.66 | |||
| Q4 (18) | 60/895 | 3536.3 | 1.00 | |
| Q3 (16 – 17) | 36/500 | 2015.9 | 1.04 (0.72, 1.51) | |
| Q2 (13 – 15) | 61/766 | 2962.8 | 1.04 (0.72, 1.51) | |
| Q1 (3 – 12) | 58/604 | 2248.7 | 0.95 (0.63, 1.42) | |
| Diabetes status | 0.07 | |||
| No | 194/2609 | 10217.9 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 21/153 | 534.0 | 1.59 (0.97, 2.62) | |
| BMI | 0.09 | |||
| <25 kg/m2 | 35/510 | 2044.3 | 1.02 (0.66, 1.57) | |
| 25–29 kg/m2 | 66/1005 | 3990.3 | 1.00 | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 111/1220 | 4614.6 | 1.40 (1.01, 1.95) | |
| Physical activity | 0.20 | |||
| None | 32/564 | 2210.4 | 0.70 (0.44, 1.13) | |
| >0–3.75 MET-hours/week | 35/401 | 1516.8 | 0.92 (0.57, 1.49) | |
| 3.75–8.75 MET-hours/week | 47/547 | 2102.9 | 1.18 (0.77, 1.82) | |
| 8.75–17.5 MET-hours/week | 44/542 | 2160.4 | 1.14 (0.74, 1.77) | |
| ≥17.5 MET-hours/week | 45/588 | 2301.9 | 1.00 | |
| Hypertension history | 0.99 | |||
| Never hypertensive | 93/1420 | 5630.8 | 1.00 | |
| Treated hypertensive | 20/225 | 861.8 | 1.01 (0.74, 1.38) | |
| Untreated hypertensive | 89/979 | 3723.3 | 0.99 (0.59, 1.66) | |
| Use of anti-hyperlipidemia drugs | 0.60 | |||
| No | 176/2323 | 9072.2 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 25/282 | 1070.8 | 0.89 (0.57, 1.39) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | |||
| Never smoked | 82/1343 | 5314.0 | 1.00 | |
| Past smoker | 102/1130 | 4338.4 | 1.48 (1.08, 2.02) | |
| Current smoker | 27/260 | 991.2 | 2.53 (1.58, 4.04) | |
| Education | 0.01 | |||
| Less than High school diploma or GED | 10/97 | 359.7 | 1.64 (0.83, 3.24) | |
| High school diploma or GED | 22/309 | 1183.3 | 1.02 (0.61, 1.71) | |
| Some college | 101/1038 | 3991.5 | 1.63 (1.19, 2.25) | |
| College graduate or higher | 81/1299 | 5149.5 | 1.00 | |
*
Analysis is restricted to the 2,765 participants with available resilience information from Extension Study 2.
†
Adjusted for stressful life events, diabetes status, BMI, physical activity, hypertension history, use of anti-hyperlipidemia drugs, smoking status, and education.