Fig. 1.

DAPK and p-DAPK expression in the brains of patients with human drug-resistant epilepsy. a Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) brain resection shows DAPK expressed in ECs, astrocytes, and neurons, highlighted by diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining (top row, with negative control) and immunofluorescence (bottom row). b Similarly, increased p-DAPK expression in the ECs and neurons of TLE brain slices was found. Arrowheads and dotted lines indicate microcapillaries, yellow arrows indicate astrocytes, and green arrows indicate neurons. In the autoptic brain tissues (from cardiomyopathy subjects), no specific staining was observed. Note: The standard markers for neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and glial fibrillary actin protein (GFAP) were used