Fig. 6.

Localization of brain DAPK/p-DAPK expression pattern in AVM and BT and co-localization of DAPK with HIF-1α and VEGF in brain pathologies. a DAB staining showed DAPK/p-DAPK localized in the microcapillaries (dotted line) and predominantly across neurons (green arrows) in AVM and brain tumor (BT) specimens. b Immunofluorescent staining showed HIF-1α and DAPK increased co-localization predominantly across the neurons in TLE, AVM, and BT compared with autopsy specimens (control); however, TLE showed increased co-staining, which was significantly high in the microcapillaries as well. Elevated p-DAPK and HIF-1α co-staining was found across neurons and capillaries in TLE and AVM brain specimens; however, relatively less staining was evident in BT and autopsy cells. VEGF was co-expressed with DAPK in the TLE brain specimens. Positive staining for VEGF was found mostly in the BBB microvessels, astrocytes (yellow arrow) and limited across the neurons. Increased DAPK and p-DAPK co-expression with VEGF is observed in the brain capillaries and astrocytes in TLE, AVM and BT compared with autopsy samples