Table 4.
Summary of findings for topical ketoprofen compared with placebo in patients with osteoarthritis
| Outcomes | No. of participants (studies) | Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) | Relative effect (95% CI) | Anticipated absolute effects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk with placebo | Risk difference with topical ketoprofen | ||||
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | 2621 (4 RCTs) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATEa |
OR 1.02 (0.83–1.25) | 129 per 1000 | 2 more per 1000 (20 fewer to 27 more) |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | 2066 (3 RCTs) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATEa |
OR 0.78 (0.51–1.21) | 38 per 1000 | 8 fewer per 1000 (18 fewer to 8 more) |
| Cardiac disorders | 2621 (4 RCTs) | ⨁⨁◯◯ LOW a |
OR 2.65 (0.70–10.07) | 1 per 1000 | 2 more per 1000 (0 fewer to 8 more) |
| Vascular disorders | 2621 (4 RCTs) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATEa |
OR 1.21 (0.60–2.43) | 6 per 1000 | 1 more per 1000 (3 fewer to 9 more) |
| Nervous system disorders | 2621 (4 RCTs) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATEa |
OR 0.60 (0.41–0.88) | 25 per 1000 | 10 fewer per 1000 (15 fewer to 3 fewer) |
| Serious adverse events | 2621 (4 RCTs) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATEa |
OR 0.63 (0.23–1.72) | 10 per 1000 | 4 fewer per 1000 (8 fewer to 7 more) |
The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI)
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence: High certainty we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect; Moderate certainty we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different; Low certainty our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect; Very low certainty we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect
CI confidence interval, GRADE Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, OR odds ratio, RCT randomized controlled trials
aHigh risk of selective outcome reporting in all included studies. No data were provided by authors of manuscripts or sponsors of studies