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. 2019 May 9;9:7158. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43585-w

Table 2.

Characteristics of participants across categories of sleep duration. Data are presented as the mean percentage ± SE.

 Characteristics ≤5 h/day, n = 3723 6 h/day, n = 6295 7 h/day, n = 7032 8 h/day, n = 5594 ≥9 h/day, n = 2014 p-value
Chronic rhinosinusitis (%) 6.1 ± 0.6 4.9 ± 0.3 4.6 ± 0.3 4.0 ± 0.3 4.7 ± 0.6 0.020
Age, ≥50 (%) 55.9 ± 1.2 33.4 ± 0.8 30.2 ± 0.8 31.0 ± 0.9 36.1 ± 1.5 <0.001
Sex, male (%) 43.7 ± 1.0 53.5 ± 0.8 50.6 ± 0.7 48.8 ± 0.8 42.6 ± 1.5 <0.001
Education, low (%) 50.2 ± 1.2 28.4 ± 0.8 25.4 ± 0.7 27.3 ± 0.9 36.3 ± 1.5 <0.001
Household income, low (%) 53.8 ± 1.4 38.8 ± 1.1 36.9 ± 1.0 41.6 ± 1.1 49.0 ± 1.7 <0.001
Residency, urban (%) 48.0 ± 1.3 49.8 ± 1.2 46.8 ± 1.2 46.5 ± 1.3 40.0 ± 1.7 <0.001
Dwelling type, apartment (%) 62.6 ± 1.2 51.5 ± 1.0 52.8 ± 1.0 56.8 ± 1.1 60.7 ± 1.5 <0.001
Occupation, blue collar (%) 18.7 ± 0.9 21.4 ± 0.8 19.7 ± 0.8 19.1 ± 0.8 16.5 ± 1.3 0.003
Stress (%) <0.001
  None 18.2 ± 0.9 12.4 ± 0.6 14.0 ± 0.5 15.9 ± 0.7 18.3 ± 1.1
  Low 43.6 ± 1.0 55.6 ± 0.9 57.5 ± 0.8 58.5 ± 0.8 54.9 ± 1.5
  High 28.3 ± 1.0 26.5 ± 0.8 24.4 ± 0.6 21.6 ± 0.8 20.7 ± 1.2
  Very High 10.0 ± 0.6 5.5 ± 0.3 4.1 ± 0.3 4.0 ± 0.3 6.1 ± 0.7
  Suicidal ideation (%) 25.9 ± 1.0 15.9 ± 0.6 13.3 ± 0.5 14.8 ± 0.6 21.8 ± 1.2 <0.001
Depression (%) 22.1 ± 0.8 13.9 ± 0.5 11.9 ± 0.5 13.1 ± 0.6 16.4 ± 1.1 <0.001
Smoking (%) 0.004
  Current smoker 41.8 ± 1.0 46.6 ± 0.8 44.7 ± 0.8 45.8 ± 0.8 45.5 ± 1.5
  Ex-smoker 1.6 ± 0.2 2.0 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.2 1.7 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.2
  Never smoker 56.6 ± 1.0 51.4 ± 0.8 53.4 ± 0.8 52.5 ± 0.8 52.9 ± 1.5
Alcohol,<1/month (%) 54.9 ± 1.1 45.2 ± 1.0 46.6 ± 0.9 48.5 ± 1.0 52.2 ± 1.5 <0.001
Allergic rhinitis (%) 9.3 ± 0.6 11.4 ± 0.5 12.3 ± 0.6 11.6 ± 0.5 10.0 ± 0.9 0.010
Chronic otitis media (%) 3.7 ± 0.4 3.6 ± 0.3 3.7 ± 0.3 3.4 ± 0.3 3.1 ± 0.5 0.842
Hypertension (%) 23.9 ± 1.0 14.7 ± 0.5 13.8 ± 0.5 13.8 ± 0.6 17.3 ± 1.0 <0.001
Angina or Myocardial infarction (%) 2.7 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.2 <0.001
Diabetes mellitus (%) 9.0 ± 0.5 5.3 ± 0.3 5.3 ± 0.3 5.9 ± 0.4 7.0 ± 0.6 <0.001
Hyperlipidemia (%) 8.0 ± 0.5 6.3 ± 0.4 6.0 ± 0.4 5.3 ± 0.4 4.3 ± 0.6 <0.001
Asthma (%) 4.2 ± 0.4 2.7 ± 0.3 2.3 ± 0.2 2.3 ± 0.2 3.1 ± 0.5 <0.001
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%) 1.0 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.2 0.097
Bronchiectasis (%) 0.4 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.2 0.264
Gastric ulcer (%) 6.5 ± 0.5 5.8 ± 0.4 4.7 ± 0.3 4.5 ± 0.3 3.7 ± 0.5 <0.001
Liver cirrhosis (%) 0.3 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.008
Atopic dermatitis (%) 3.3 ± 0.4 3.0 ± 0.3 3.0 ± 0.3 3.4 ± 0.3 3.6 ± 0.6 0.740
Chronic renal failure (%) 0.6 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.3 0.011