Table 2.
Characteristics of participants across categories of sleep duration. Data are presented as the mean percentage ± SE.
| Characteristics | ≤5 h/day, n = 3723 | 6 h/day, n = 6295 | 7 h/day, n = 7032 | 8 h/day, n = 5594 | ≥9 h/day, n = 2014 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic rhinosinusitis (%) | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 0.020 |
| Age, ≥50 (%) | 55.9 ± 1.2 | 33.4 ± 0.8 | 30.2 ± 0.8 | 31.0 ± 0.9 | 36.1 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male (%) | 43.7 ± 1.0 | 53.5 ± 0.8 | 50.6 ± 0.7 | 48.8 ± 0.8 | 42.6 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Education, low (%) | 50.2 ± 1.2 | 28.4 ± 0.8 | 25.4 ± 0.7 | 27.3 ± 0.9 | 36.3 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Household income, low (%) | 53.8 ± 1.4 | 38.8 ± 1.1 | 36.9 ± 1.0 | 41.6 ± 1.1 | 49.0 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Residency, urban (%) | 48.0 ± 1.3 | 49.8 ± 1.2 | 46.8 ± 1.2 | 46.5 ± 1.3 | 40.0 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Dwelling type, apartment (%) | 62.6 ± 1.2 | 51.5 ± 1.0 | 52.8 ± 1.0 | 56.8 ± 1.1 | 60.7 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Occupation, blue collar (%) | 18.7 ± 0.9 | 21.4 ± 0.8 | 19.7 ± 0.8 | 19.1 ± 0.8 | 16.5 ± 1.3 | 0.003 |
| Stress (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| None | 18.2 ± 0.9 | 12.4 ± 0.6 | 14.0 ± 0.5 | 15.9 ± 0.7 | 18.3 ± 1.1 | |
| Low | 43.6 ± 1.0 | 55.6 ± 0.9 | 57.5 ± 0.8 | 58.5 ± 0.8 | 54.9 ± 1.5 | |
| High | 28.3 ± 1.0 | 26.5 ± 0.8 | 24.4 ± 0.6 | 21.6 ± 0.8 | 20.7 ± 1.2 | |
| Very High | 10.0 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 6.1 ± 0.7 | |
| Suicidal ideation (%) | 25.9 ± 1.0 | 15.9 ± 0.6 | 13.3 ± 0.5 | 14.8 ± 0.6 | 21.8 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Depression (%) | 22.1 ± 0.8 | 13.9 ± 0.5 | 11.9 ± 0.5 | 13.1 ± 0.6 | 16.4 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 0.004 | |||||
| Current smoker | 41.8 ± 1.0 | 46.6 ± 0.8 | 44.7 ± 0.8 | 45.8 ± 0.8 | 45.5 ± 1.5 | |
| Ex-smoker | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | |
| Never smoker | 56.6 ± 1.0 | 51.4 ± 0.8 | 53.4 ± 0.8 | 52.5 ± 0.8 | 52.9 ± 1.5 | |
| Alcohol,<1/month (%) | 54.9 ± 1.1 | 45.2 ± 1.0 | 46.6 ± 0.9 | 48.5 ± 1.0 | 52.2 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Allergic rhinitis (%) | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 11.4 ± 0.5 | 12.3 ± 0.6 | 11.6 ± 0.5 | 10.0 ± 0.9 | 0.010 |
| Chronic otitis media (%) | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 0.842 |
| Hypertension (%) | 23.9 ± 1.0 | 14.7 ± 0.5 | 13.8 ± 0.5 | 13.8 ± 0.6 | 17.3 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Angina or Myocardial infarction (%) | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 9.0 ± 0.5 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 7.0 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 8.0 ± 0.5 | 6.3 ± 0.4 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Asthma (%) | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.097 |
| Bronchiectasis (%) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.264 |
| Gastric ulcer (%) | 6.5 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.4 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis (%) | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.008 |
| Atopic dermatitis (%) | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 0.740 |
| Chronic renal failure (%) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.011 |