Table 1.

Geographic area of study, ages, and sex differences showing relationship to radiation exposure (Prysyazhnyuk et al., 2002a, 2007; Yablokov et al., 2009).

Area studied	Year	Radioactivity	Investigated ages	Diseases/Conditions	Sex differences	Statistical significance	Reference
Chernigov, Kev, Zhytomir regions	1990–1999	<100 kBq m-2 (low levels) 100–200 kBq m-2 and >200 kBq m-2 (medium/high levels)	Adolescents and adults	Thyroid cancer	Low levels - 2 thyroid cancer cases/year/100,000 males 5 thyroid cases/year/100,000 females (TASR) Medium/high levels – excess 4 cases/year/100,000 males 16 cases/year/100,000 females (TASR)	Regression coefficient b+ m: Males 0.04 ± 0.01 Females 0.21 ± 0.02	Prysyazhnyuk et al. (2007)
Ukraine	1986	Contaminated with Sr-90 and Pu	Adolescents	Sexual development	Puberty delayed by 2 years in boys Puberty delayed by 1 year in girls		Yablokov et al. (2009)
Belarus	1993–2003		Children born after the catastrophe in heavily contaminated areas	Reproductive organ disorders	Threefold increase in boys Fivefold increase in boys		Yablokov et al. (2009)
Ukraine	1988–1998	10–20 mSv	Adult evacuees	Thyroid gland pathology as a result of hypothyroidism, thyroidite and non-toxical nodular goiter	Annual level of thyroid pathology in females was higher than in males		Prysyazhnyuk et al. (2002a)