FIG 1.

Microbiome diversity differs between Alzheimer’s disease elders and those with no dementia or other types of dementia. Stool samples from elders were sequenced via shotgun metagenomics. Samples were profiled for microbial species relative abundances by mapping reads to a NCBI bacterial genomes k-mer database with Kraken and by reconstructing the resulting relative abundance profile at the species levels with Bracken. Beta diversity was explored using Jaccard distances by t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) for a measure of community species dissimilarity among samples collected from individuals without dementia (blue triangles), with Alzheimer’s disease (red circles), and with other dementia types (yellow squares). Each group is displayed with ellipses with a 95% confidence interval.