Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of the study subjects.
| Type of variables | Variable | DR‡ (n = 202) | No DR (n = 205) | P* | CAD (n = 160) | No CAD (n = 245) | P* | DR + CAD (n = 76) | No DR and No CAD (n = 121) | P* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | Gender: Female† | 124 (61%) | 110 (54%) | 0.11 | 74 (46%) | 159 (65%) | 0.00021 | 37 (49%) | 73 (60%) | 0.11 |
| Age (years) | 63 ± 11 | 60 ± 11 | 0.0034 | 66 ± 9.3 | 59 ± 11 | < 0.0001 | 67 ± 9.7 | 57 ± 12 | < 0.0001 | |
| Clinical variables | Diabetes duration (years)** | 14 (5.5, 20) | 7 (4, 15) | < 0.00001 | 9 (5, 20) | 12 (5, 20) | 0.070 | 13 (5, 20) | 9 (5, 16) | 0.022 |
| Clinical hypertension† | 169 (84%) | 167 (82%) | 0.71 | 152 (95%) | 183 (75%) | < 0.0001 | 74 (97%) | 89 (75%) | 0.0001 | |
| Dyslipidemia† | 193 (96%) | 184 (90%) | 0.052 | 158 (99%) | 218 (89%) | 0.0002 | 75 (99%) | 101 (84%) | 0.0005 | |
| Smoking† | 50 (25%) | 59 (29%) | 0.34 | 53 (33%) | 55 (23%) | 0.018 | 25 (33%) | 31 (26%) | 0.29 | |
| Diabetes family history† | 136 (68%) | 139 (68%) | 0.88 | 100 (63%) | 174 (71%) | 0.21 | 48 (64%) | 87 (72%) | 0.51 | |
| Diabetes complications family history† | 53 (26%) | 41 (20%) | 0.12 | 32 (20%) | 62 (25%) | 0.38 | 19 (25%) | 28 (23%) | 0.81 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32 ± 6.1 | 32 ± 6.4 | 0.42 | 32 ± 6.0 | 32 ± 6.4 | 0.23 | 31 ± 5.7 | 32 ± 6.4 | 0.57 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 107 ± 12 | 106 ± 15 | 0.43 | 108 ± 14 | 105 ± 13 | 0.050 | 108 ± 12 | 104 ± 14 | 0.075 | |
| Laboratory variable Glycemic index | HbA1c (%) | 7.8 ± 1.5 | 7.7 ± 1.7 | 0.52 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | 7.7 ± 1.6 | 0.34 | 7.8 ± 1.5 | 7.5 ± 1.7 | 0.32 |
| Lipids profile (mg/dl) | Total-cholesterol | 148 ± 37 | 153 ± 44 | 0.21 | 142 ± 38 | 156 ± 41 | 0.0011 | 139 ± 32 | 159 ± 43 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides** | 119 (90.3, 165) | 117 (88.6, 154) | 0.48 | 116 (90.8, 160) | 118 (87.7, 164) | 0.98 | 110 (90.3, 161) | 113 (81.5, 154) | 0.51 | |
| HDL-cholesterol | 47 ± 18 | 47 ± 21 | 0.83 | 45 ± 22 | 49 ± 18 | 0.052 | 45 ± 12 | 49 ± 15 | 0.073 | |
| LDL-cholesterol | 74 ± 30 | 81 ± 37 | 0.062 | 73 ± 33 | 80 ± 34 | 0.045 | 69.8 ± 28 | 85 ± 37 | 0.0062 |
P-value: for continuous variables, computed using two-tailed t-test for normally-distributed data, or using Mann-Whitney test for highly-skewed data**. For categorical variables, computed using the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for expected frequencies < 5.
Categorical variables are presented as counts and percentages. All remaining continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, or as median (IQR lower, upper) for highly-skewed distributions**.
‡BMI, Body Mass Index; CAD, Coronary Artery Disease; DR, Diabetic Retinopathy; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; n, number of individuals. Bold value indicates significance level and p < 0.05.