Table 3.
Comparison of parental recognition of bullying victimization, by sociodemographic characteristics and disaster-related variables, by waves.
| Wave 1 (2012), n (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not true | Somewhat true | Certainly true | Chi-square | Cramer’s V | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 978 (73.9) | 244 (18.4) | 102 (7.7) | 33.4** | 0.11 |
| Female | 1,065 (82.9) | 168 (13.1) | 52 (4.0) | ||
| Age at the disaster | |||||
| 6 | 18 (64.3) | 9 (32.1) | 1 (3.6) | 11.0 | 0.05 |
| 7 | 358 (77.3) | 75 (16.2) | 30 (6.5) | ||
| 8 | 360 (77.4) | 80 (17.2) | 25 (5.4) | ||
| 9 | 355 (76.8) | 76 (16.5) | 31 (6.7) | ||
| 10 | 332 (78.5) | 64 (15.1) | 27 (6.4) | ||
| 11 | 325 (80.4) | 56 (13.9) | 23 (5.7) | ||
| 12 | 295 (81.0) | 52 (14.3) | 17 (4.7) | ||
| Experience of earthquake | |||||
| Yes | 2,025 (78.4) | 409 (15.8) | 149 (5.8) | 6.1* | 0.05 |
| No | 15 (68.2) | 3 (13.6) | 4 (18.2) | ||
| Experience of tsunami | |||||
| Yes | 238 (74.4) | 54 (16.9) | 28 (8.8) | 6.1* | 0.05 |
| No | 1,802 (78.9) | 358 (15.7) | 125 (5.5) | ||
| Experience of nuclear plant explosion | |||||
| Yes | 789 (74.8) | 192 (18.2) | 74 (7.0) | 13.1** | 0.07 |
| No | 1,251 (80.7) | 220 (14.2) | 79 (5.1) | ||
| Number of experiences at the disaster | |||||
| 0 | 8 (72.7) | 2 (18.2) | 1 (9.1) | 22.8** | 0.09 |
| 1 | 1,156 (81.2) | 194 (13.6) | 73 (5.1) | ||
| 2 | 732 (74.8) | 187 (19.1) | 59 (6.0) | ||
| 3 | 144 (74.6) | 29 (15.0) | 20 (10.4) | ||
| Place of residence (current address) at survey at wave 1 | |||||
| Within Fukushima Prefecture | 1,647 (79.1) | 316 (15.2) | 118 (5.7) | 3.1 | 0.03 |
| Outside Fukushima Prefecture | 391 (75.6) | 93 (18.0) | 33 (6.4) | ||
| Wave 2 (2013), n (%) | |||||
| Not true | Somewhat true | Certainly true | Chi-square | Cramer’s V | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1,011 (76.4) | 236 (17.8) | 76 (5.7) | 23.4** | 0.10 |
| Female | 1,079 (84.0) | 158 (12.3) | 48 (3.7) | ||
| Age at the disaster | |||||
| 6 | 24 (85.7) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (3.6) | 8.7 | 0.04 |
| 7 | 364 (78.8) | 78 (16.9) | 20 (4.3) | ||
| 8 | 374 (80.6) | 64 (13.8) | 26 (5.6) | ||
| 9 | 358 (77.7) | 83 (18.0) | 20 (4.3) | ||
| 10 | 342 (80.7) | 64 (15.1) | 18 (4.2) | ||
| 11 | 330 (81.9) | 54 (13.4) | 19 (4.7) | ||
| 12 | 298 (81.4) | 48 (13.1) | 20 (5.5) | ||
| Experience of earthquake | |||||
| Yes | 2,075 (80.3) | 387 (15.0) | 121 (4.7) | 6.0 | 0.05 |
| No | 13 (61.9) | 5 (23.8) | 3 (14.3) | ||
| Experience of tsunami | |||||
| Yes | 251 (78.2) | 44 (13.7) | 26 (8.1) | 9.2* | 0.06 |
| No | 1,837 (80.5) | 348 (15.2) | 98 (4.3) | ||
| Experience of nuclear plant explosion | |||||
| Yes | 828 (78.3) | 174 (16.5) | 55 (5.2) | 3.8 | 0.04 |
| No | 1,260 (81.4) | 218 (14.1) | 69 (4.5) | ||
| Number of experiences at the disaster | |||||
| 0 | 5 (50.0) | 4 (40.0) | 1 (10.0) | 17.8** | 0.08 |
| 1 | 1,163 (81.8) | 197 (13.9) | 61 (4.3) | ||
| 2 | 769 (78.5) | 165 (16.9) | 45 (4.6) | ||
| 3 | 151 (77.8) | 26 (13.4) | 17 (8.8) | ||
| Place of residence (current address) at wave 1 | |||||
| Within Fukushima Prefecture | 1,691 (81.3) | 290 (13.9) | 100 (4.8) | 10.3** | 0.06 |
| Outside Fukushima Prefecture | 391 (75.8) | 101 (19.6) | 24 (4.7) | ||
| Wave 3 (2014), n (%) | |||||
| Not true | Somewhat true | Certainly true | Chi-square | Cramer’s V | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1,027 (77.9) | 230 (17.5) | 61 (4.6) | 28.2** | 0.10 |
| Female | 1,103 (85.9) | 139 (10.8) | 42 (3.3) | ||
| Age at the disaster | |||||
| 6 | 24 (85.7) | 2 (7.1) | 2 (7.1) | 19.0 | 0.06 |
| 7 | 366 (79.0) | 79 (17.1) | 18 (3.9) | ||
| 8 | 376 (81.2) | 63 (13.6) | 24 (5.2) | ||
| 9 | 375 (81.2) | 74 (16.0) | 13 (2.8) | ||
| 10 | 337 (80.2) | 67 (16.0) | 16 (3.8) | ||
| 11 | 335 (83.3) | 49 (12.2) | 18 (4.5) | ||
| 12 | 317 (87.1) | 35 (9.6) | 12 (3.3) | ||
| Experience of earthquake | |||||
| Yes | 2,110 (81.9) | 365 (14.2) | 101 (3.9) | 0.03 | <0.01 |
| No | 18 (81.8) | 3 (13.6) | 1 (4.5) | ||
| Experience of tsunami | |||||
| Yes | 252 (78.5) | 49 (15.3) | 20 (6.2) | 5.8 | 0.05 |
| No | 1,876 (82.4) | 319 (14.0) | 82 (3.6) | ||
| Experience of nuclear plant explosion | |||||
| Yes | 856 (81.2) | 154 (14.6) | 44 (4.2) | 0.6 | 0.02 |
| No | 1,272 (82.4) | 214 (13.9) | 58 (3.8) | ||
| Number of experiences at the disaster | |||||
| 0 | 9 (81.8) | 2 (18.2) | 0 (0.0) | 5.0 | 0.04 |
| 1 | 1,177 (83.1) | 190 (13.4) | 50 (3.5) | ||
| 2 | 785 (80.4) | 150 (15.4) | 41 (4.2) | ||
| 3 | 157 (80.9) | 26 (13.4) | 11 (5.7) | ||
| Place of residence (current address) at wave 1 | |||||
| Within Fukushima Prefecture | 1,717 (82.7) | 285 (13.7) | 74 (3.6) | 5.1 | 0.05 |
| Outside Fukushima Prefecture | 406 (78.8) | 82 (15.9) | 27 (5.2) | ||
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.