. 2019 May 3;6:53. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00053

Table 1.

Selected studies relating abnormal P-wave indices with risk of ischemic stroke.

References	P-wave indices	Outcome	Atrial fibrillation	Adjusted effect estimates
Kamel et al. (16)	PTFV1 P-wave area P-wave duration	Incident ischemic stroke	Excluded and adjusted	PTFV1: HR per 1-SD increase, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.02–1.44. No associations with P-wave area and P-wave duration.
Kamel et al. (35)	PTFV1 P-wave area P-wave duration	Prevalent and incident brain infarcts on MRI	Excluded and adjusted	PTFV1: Associated with prevalent brain infarcts (RR per SD, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04–1.16) but not with incident brain infarcts. No associations with P-wave area and P-wave duration.
Kamel et al. (17)	PTFV1	Incident ischemic stroke subtypes	Adjusted	Associated with incident non-lacunar stroke (HR, 1.49; 95% CI: 1.07–2.07) but not with lacunar stroke.
O'Neal et al. (25)	aIAB	Incident ischemic stroke	Adjusted	HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.13–2.34.
Maheshwari et al. (24)	P-wave axis	Incident ischemic stroke subtypes	Adjusted	Ischemic stroke: HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.22–1.85. Cardioembolic stroke: HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.42–2.95. Thrombotic stroke: HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.03–1.71.
Maheshwari et al. (30)	PTFV1 P-wave axis P-wave duration aIAB	Incident ischemic stroke	Included	P-wave axis: HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.36–2.61. aIAB: HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.78–4.81. No associations with PTFV1 and P-wave duration Only P-wave axis resulted in significant improvement in C-statistic and improvement in risk classification of ischemic stroke compared with CHA₂DS₂-VASc.