Table 1.
Metabolites discriminating biostimulant-treated tomato plants (foliar and drench application) from control; results were gained from UHPLC/QTOF-MS untargeted metabolomics followed by OPLS-DA supervised statistics.
| Compound | VIP score | VIP SE | p-Value | Log FC (foliar appl. vs. control) | Log FC (drench appl. vs. control) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lipids | A 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (n-C14:1) | 1.42 | 0.21 | 1.41E-24 | −17.65 | Down | −17.38 | Down |
| (5Z)-(15S)-11-alpha;-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprostanoate | 1.41 | 0.27 | 1.41E-24 | −19.81 | Down | −19.55 | Down | |
| 1-Palmitoyl-2-vernoloyl-phosphatidylcholine | 1.39 | 0.20 | 2.48E-02 | 0.18 | Up | −8.64 | Down | |
| 1-18:1-2-Trans-16:1-phosphatidylglycerol | 1.39 | 0.44 | 2.07E-05 | −1.38 | Down | 0.05 | Up | |
| Dipalmitoyl phosphatidate | 1.36 | 0.37 | 9.07E-05 | 0.18 | Up | 0.38 | Up | |
| Phytosphingosine 1-phosphate | 1.36 | 0.31 | 6.43E-23 | −0.38 | Down | −21.52 | Down | |
| Arachidoyl dodecanoate | 1.36 | 0.28 | NS | − | − | 0.20 | Up | |
| 14-Oxolanosterol/4-alpha-formyl,4-beta,14-alpha-dimethyl-9-beta,19-cyclo-5-alpha-cholest-24-en-3-beta-ol | 1.35 | 0.31 | 1.19E-03 | 0.13 | Up | −15.58 | Down | |
| All-trans-heptaprenyl diphosphate | 1.33 | 0.50 | 3.09E-21 | 0.34 | Up | 18.12 | Up | |
| Sphinganine 1-phosphate | 1.33 | 0.36 | 9.11E-22 | −0.37 | Down | −21.38 | Down | |
| 4-Alpha-formyl-stigmasta-7,24(241)-dien-3-beta-ol | 1.35 | 0.31 | 1.19E-03 | 0.13 | Up | −15.58 | Down | |
| Stearate | 1.35 | 0.57 | 5.09E-03 | 13.73 | Up | −2.40 | Down | |
| 9,10-Epoxy-18-hydroxystearate | 1.35 | 0.55 | NS | 11.39 | Up | 10.34 | Up | |
| (9Z)-12,13-Dihydroxyoctadeca-9-enoate | 1.35 | 0.55 | 2.68E-02 | 11.39 | Up | 10.34 | Up | |
| 1-18:3-2-18:3-Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol | 1.34 | 0.38 | NS | −1.73 | Down | −8.88 | Down | |
| 1-18:2-2-18:2-Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol | 1.35 | 0.32 | NS | −1.69 | Down | −4.66 | Down | |
| 1-18:3-2-16:2-Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol | 1.28 | 0.34 | 3.23E-02 | −14.89 | Down | −3.58 | Down | |
| 1-18:2-2-16:1-Phosphatidate | 1.31 | 0.17 | 6.84E-05 | −2.95 | Down | −18.17 | Down | |
| Vernoleate | 1.38 | 0.33 | 4.67E-03 | 13.71 | Up | 12.14 | Up | |
| (9R,10S)-Dihydroxystearate | 1.34 | 0.15 | NS | 4.32 | Up | −0.16 | Down | |
| (9S,10S)-9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoate | 1.34 | 0.15 | NS | 4.32 | Up | −0.16 | Down | |
| 4-Hydroxybutanoate | 1.37 | 0.32 | 1.01E-08 | 0.14 | Up | 3.28 | Up | |
| 9-cis-10′-apo-beta-carotenal | 1.27 | 0.44 | 8.61E-04 | −10.72 | Down | −19.94 | Down | |
| Farnesyl diphosphate | 1.27 | 0.47 | 4.12E-05 | 0.63 | Up | 1.61 | Up | |
| Epsilon, epsilon-carotene-3-diol/beta-carotene 15,15′ epoxide | 1.31 | 0.42 | 1.57E-03 | −17.52 | Down | −17.62 | Down | |
| All-trans-4,4′-diapolycopene | 1.33 | 0.36 | 3.24E-12 | 0.05 | Up | −7.17 | Down | |
| Lutein | 1.24 | 0.35 | 6.84E-05 | 3.42 | Up | −15.52 | Down | |
| Resin acids | Palustradienal | 1.51 | 0.37 | 0.00E+00 | 23.29 | Up | 4.07 | Up |
| Dehydroabietadiene | 1.36 | 0.54 | 3.75E-04 | 1.31 | Up | 0.57 | Up | |
| levopimaradiene/palustradiene/abieta-7,13-diene | 1.39 | 0.35 | 1.57E-03 | 1.46 | Up | 0.22 | Up | |
| Triterpenes | Glycyrrhetinate/gypsogenin | 1.39 | 0.22 | 3.24E-12 | 0.20 | Up | −6.76 | Down |
| Betulinic aldehyde/ursolic aldehyde/11-oxo-beta-amyrin | 1.35 | 0.31 | 1.19E-03 | 0.13 | Up | −15.58 | Down | |
| Hormones | Gibberellin A98 | 1.36 | 0.24 | 9.07E-24 | 0.03 | Up | −18.86 | Down |
| Indole-3-acetyl-phenylalanine | 1.34 | 0.34 | 1.04E-21 | −0.42 | Down | −19.73 | Down | |
| Indole-3-butyryl-glucose | 1.34 | 0.35 | 3.97E-22 | −0.28 | Down | −20.55 | Down | |
| A jasmonoyl-phenylalanine | 1.33 | 0.32 | 1.59E-21 | −0.42 | Down | −20.51 | Down | |
| Salicylate | 1.29 | 0.57 | NS | 13.26 | Up | 18.76 | Up | |
| Dihydrozeatin-7-N-glucose/dihydrozeatin-9-N-glucose | 1.29 | 0.35 | 6.30E-05 | −3.68 | Down | −21.15 | Down | |
| Isopentenyladenine-9-N-glucoside/isopentenyladenine-9-N-glucoside | 1.29 | 0.37 | 6.30E-05 | −3.45 | Down | −19.71 | Down | |
| Gibberellin A4/gibberellin A20 | 1.25 | 0.62 | 1.80E-03 | 0.77 | Up | 0.39 | Up | |
| 7-Oxateasterone | 1.30 | 0.41 | 2.59E-21 | − | − | −20.97 | Down | |
| Cathasterone | 1.25 | 0.66 | 8.05E-03 | 2.30 | Up | −12.73 | Down | |
| Osmolytes | Alpha, alpha-trehalose | 1.40 | 0.37 | 3.68E-02 | 14.23 | Up | 0.62 | Up |
| Glycine betaine | 1.33 | 0.49 | 1.49E-02 | −0.57 | Down | −0.23 | Down | |
| Polyamines | Triferuloyl spermidine | 1.28 | 0.18 | NS | −2.29 | Down | −9.75 | Down |
| Feruloylserotonin | 1.34 | 0.35 | 1.96E-22 | −0.15 | Down | −19.56 | Down | |
| Serotonin | 1.29 | 0.41 | 3.35E-20 | −0.30 | Down | −18.65 | Down | |
| p-Coumaroyltyramine | 1.31 | 0.46 | 0.001 | 3.51 | Up | −11.96 | Down | |
| Sinapoyltyramine | 1.34 | 0.18 | 0.001 | 18.77 | Up | 0.60 | Up | |
| Pteridins | 2-Amino-6-carboxamido-7,8-dihydropteridin-4-one | 1.31 | 0.47 | 1.97E-02 | 9.34 | Up | 10.70 | Up |
| 5,10-Methylenetetrahydropteroyl mono-L-glutamate | 1.25 | 0.25 | 6.51E-04 | −6.33 | Down | −18.05 | Down | |
| 10-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroylglutamate | 1.37 | 0.41 | 1.91E-22 | −17.33 | Down | −17.06 | Down | |
| Chlorophyll | Red chlorophyll catabolite | 1.33 | 0.28 | NS | 6.73 | Up | 20.70 | Up |
| Coproporphyrinogen III | 1.32 | 0.40 | 0.001 | −0.66 | Down | −0.87 | Down | |
| Coproporphyrin III | 1.34 | 0.42 | 0.001 | −0.84 | Down | −0.54 | Down | |
| Pyropheophorbide a | 1.31 | 0.32 | NS | 0.35 | Up | 0.83 | Up | |
| Coproporphyrin I | 1.26 | 0.72 | 0.001 | −1.11 | Down | −0.99 | Down | |
| Quinones | Phylloquinone | 1.31 | 0.37 | NS | − | − | −5.22 | Down |
| Demethylphylloquinol | 1.35 | 0.31 | 1.19E-03 | 0.13 | Up | −15.58 | Down | |
| 2-Heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone | 1.35 | 0.41 | NS | 16.38 | Up | 22.27 | Up | |
| 3″-Hydroxy-geranylhydroquinone | 1.34 | 0.66 | 1.17E-04 | 15.86 | Up | 0.60 | Up | |
| Others | (S)-Coclaurine | 1.43 | 0.41 | 6.24E-05 | 2.20 | Up | 1.11 | Up |
| Coumarinic acid-beta-D-glucoside | 1.46 | 0.17 | 3.36E-22 | −19.86 | Down | −0.78 | Down | |
| 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-hexaprenylbenzoate | 1.40 | 0.16 | 7.52E-12 | 0.17 | Up | −6.09 | Down | |
| A 6-hydroxy-5-isopropenyl-2-methylhexanoate | 1.39 | 0.25 | 6.70E-05 | 8.10 | Up | 7.56 | Up | |
| Casbene | 1.39 | 0.35 | 1.57E-03 | 1.46 | Up | 0.22 | Up | |
| N,N-dihydroxy-L-isoleucine | 1.36 | 0.21 | 6.93E-10 | −0.17 | Down | −2.53 | Down | |
| Secologanin | 1.36 | 0.35 | 8.83E-04 | −0.99 | Down | −0.38 | Down | |
| Adenosine pentaphosphate | 1.35 | 0.28 | 0.00E+00 | 16.57 | Up | 16.17 | Up | |
| 3-Hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine | 1.34 | 0.33 | 3.57E-22 | −0.45 | Down | −22.12 | Down | |
| Thymidine | 1.34 | 0.52 | 1.30E-19 | −17.85 | Down | −17.59 | Down | |
| L-Valine | 1.33 | 0.49 | NS | −0.57 | Down | −0.23 | Down | |
Compounds are grouped into biochemical classes and are presented with their individual VIP score and standard error (SE), as well as p-Value (one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni multiple testing correction) and Log of fold-change values. NS, not significant (p > 0.05). Missing values denote fold-change values < 1.5. VIP, Variable Importance in Projection; UHPLC/QTOF-MS, UHPLC liquid chromatograph coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer; OPLS-DA, Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis.