Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Nonobese Controls (n=21) | Obese MHD‐NEG (n=52) | Obese MHD‐POS (n=94) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 43±12 | 36±11 | 47±9b | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 18 (86) | 47 (90) | 69 (73) | 0.04 |
| Black, n (%) | 9 (43) | 34 (65) | 61 (65) | 0.15 |
| Anthropometrics | ||||
| Height, m | 167±6 | 166±9 | 166±10 | 0.70 |
| Ideal body weight, kg | 60±6 | 58±8 | 59±9 | 0.68 |
| Actual body weight, kg | 69±8 | 103±22a | 109±22a | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25±3 | 37±7a | 40±8a | <0.001 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.8±0.1 | 2.1±0.2a | 2.1±0.2a | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 82±9 | 113±18a | 119±16a | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0 (0) | 6 (12) | 37 (39) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 0 (0) | 16 (31) | 60 (64) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 1 (4) | 4 (8) | 13 (14) | 0.45 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 0 (0) | 6 (12) | 20 (21) | 0.02 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1 (5) | 14 (27) | 50 (53) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 0 (0) | 28 (54) | 79 (84) | <0.001 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| ACEI or ARB | 0 (0) | 8 (15) | 43 (46) | <0.001 |
| β‐Blocker | 0 (0) | 4 (8) | 23 (24) | 0.002 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent | 0 (0) | 6 (12) | 26 (28) | 0.002 |
| Insulin | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 15 (16) | 0.007 |
| Laboratory values | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 184 (178–217) | 182 (157–210) | 188 (165–206) | 0.85 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 61 (52–67) | 45 (39–53)a | 45 (39–53)a | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 60 (48–84) | 100 (70–151) | 117 (82–176)a | 0.008 |
| Triglyceride/HDL ratio | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 2.5 (1.3–3.3) | 2.7 (1.8–4.0)a | 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 99±16 | 128±25a | 122±28a | <0.001 |
| Biomarkers | ||||
| NT‐proBNP, pmol/L | 420 (279–736) | 554 (431–684) | 607 (485–773) | 0.36 |
| GAL3, ng/mL | 5.7±1.6 | 6.3±1.9 | 7.7±2.3a, b | <0.001 |
| FSTL3, pg/mL | 4665 (3976–5951) | 5335 (4414–6970) | 5768 (4477–7521) | 0.02 |
Data are mean±SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%). P value reflect overall group differences. P value listed reflects ANOVA comparison across all 3 groups; symbols denote between group comparisons with Bonferonni correction. ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FSTL3, follistatin‐like 3 peptide; GAL3, galectin–3; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; MHD‐NEG, metabolic heart disease–negative; MHD‐POS, metabolic heart disease–positive; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide.
a
P<0.02 vs obese MHD‐NEG participants.
b
P<0.02 vs controls.