Table 2.

Cardiac Structure and Function

	Nonobese Controls (n=21)	Obese MHD‐NEG (n=52)	Obese MHD‐POS (n=94)	P Value
Left heart parameters
LV diastolic dimension, mm	45±4	46±4	46±5	0.54
LVEDV, mL	72 (61–80)	79 (68–93)	86 (71–104)a	0.01
LVEDV index, mL/m2	40±9	40±10	41±10	0.61
LVM, g	112±24	142±31a	173±48a, b	<0.001
LVM index, g/m2.7	28±6	36±6a	44±12a, b	<0.001
LVM/LVEDV, g/mL	1.6±0.3	1.8±0.4	2.0±0.5a, b	<0.001
Relative wall thickness	0.4±0.1	0.4±0.1	0.5±0.1a, b	<0.001
LVEF, %	64±6	65±6	64±7	0.56
Mitral E wave, cm/s	70±13	83±17	78±19	0.03
Mitral A wave, cm/s	53±15	58±14	71±13a, b	<0.001
Mitral E/A ratio	1.4±0.4	1.5±0.4	1.1±0.3a, b	<0.001
Mean e′ wave, cm/s	12±2	11±2	9±2a, b	<0.001
E/e′ ratio	6±1	8±2	9±3a, b	<0.001
Left atrial diameter, mm	31±4	36±5a	38±5a	<0.001
LAV index (BSA), mL/m2	32±11	29±8	34±9a	0.003
LAV index (height), mL/height2.7	14±5	15±4	19±5a, b	<0.001
Right heart parameters
RV basal diameter, mm	36±5	36±5	39±5	0.01
TAPSE, mm	23±4	23±3	23±4	0.97
Right atrial area, cm2	14±3	14±3	17±4b	<0.001
PAAT, ms	181±29	168±14	106±19a, b	<0.001
PASP, mm Hg	25±6	27±4	48±9a, b	<0.001
TAPSE/PASP (mm/mm Hg)	1.0 (0.7–1.2)	0.8 (0.8–1.0)a	0.5 (0.4–0.6)a, b	<0.001

Data are mean±SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%). P values reflect overall group differences with ANOVA comparison across all 3 groups; symbol denotes between‐group comparisons with Bonferonni adjustment. BSA indicates body surface area; LAV, Left atrial volume; LV, left ventricle; LVEDV, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVM, left ventricular mass; MHD‐NEG, metabolic heart disease–negative; MHD‐POS, metabolic heart disease–positive; PAAT, pulmonary artery acceleration time; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RV, right ventricle; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.

^a P<0.02 vs controls.

^b P<0.02 vs obese MHD‐NEG participants.