Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Exercise Groups | P Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None (n=310) | Reduced (n=94) | Increased (n=332) | Consistent (n=133) | ||
| Age, y | 65.3±10.5 | 65.9±10.6 | 64.6±9.6 | 67.4±9.4 | 0.05 |
| Male | 75.8 | 77.7 | 82.2 | 89.5 | 0.01 |
| White | 91.6 | 88.3 | 89.5 | 91.7 | 0.93 |
| Prior CABG | 39.7 | 33.0 | 35.8 | 36.1 | 0.61 |
| Prior PCI | 67.0 | 61.7 | 67.2 | 66.9 | 0.78 |
| BMI | 31.3±5.9 | 30.4±6.4 | 30.4±6.1 | 28.8±5.0 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 19.9 | 12.0 | 10.1 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 45.2 | 35.1 | 39.5 | 31.6 | 0.04 |
| Heart failure | 23.2 | 21.3 | 20.2 | 19.5 | 0.76 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 15.5 | 16.0 | 9.6 | 6.0 | 0.01 |
| Prior stroke/TIA | 6.1 | 8.5 | 6.6 | 10.5 | 0.37 |
| PAD | 22.6 | 13.8 | 15.7 | 12.8 | 0.03 |
| Lung disease | 18.7 | 16.0 | 11.4 | 8.3 | 0.01 |
| No. of antianginals | 1.8±0.9 | 1.4±0.8 | 1.5±0.8 | 1.6±0.8 | <0.001 |
| Any non‐CTO PCI | 10.0 | 16.0 | 14.8 | 12.0 | 0.24 |
| Primary CTO "vessel | 0.95 | ||||
| LAD | 18.7 | 21.3 | 21.4 | 21.8 | |
| LCX | 16.5 | 20.2 | 15.1 | 15.0 | |
| LM | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | |
| RCA | 63.9 | 58.5 | 62.7 | 62.4 | |
| Lesion length | 65.5 | 58.5 | 60.2 | 59.4 | 0.41 |
| Lesion no. 1: crossing successful | 0.08 | ||||
| Strategy | 37.2 | 38.6 | 39.5 | 49.6 | |
| AWE | 22.0 | 22.7 | 29.9 | 19.5 | |
| ADR | 13.4 | 13.6 | 8.4 | 8.9 | |
| RWE | 27.4 | 25.0 | 22.2 | 22.0 | |
| RD | |||||
| J‐CTO score | 2.4±1.2 | 2.4±1.3 | 2.3±1.3 | 2.3±1.2 | 0.64 |
| Technical success at 6 m | 90.0 | 90.4 | 90.1 | 89.5 | 0.10 |
Data presented as mean±SD for continuous variables or percentage for categorical variables. ADR indicates antegrade dissection and reentry; AWE, antegrade wire escalation; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CTO, chronic total occlusion; J‐CTO, Japanese multicenter CTO registry; LAD, left anterior descending artery; LCX, left circumference artery; LM, left main artery; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA, right coronary artery; RD, retrograde dissection; RWE, retrograde wire escalation; TIA, transient ischemic attack.