Table 1.
Ingredients (g/kg as fed) and nutrient composition (%) of the experimental dietsa
| Ingredients | Starter period (days 3 to 17) | Grower period (days 18 to 38) | Finisher period (days 39 to 50) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HI0 | HI3 | HI6 | HI9 | HI0 | HI3 | HI6 | HI9 | HI0 | HI3 | HI6 | HI9 | |
| Corn meal | 600.0 | 600.0 | 600.0 | 600.0 | 638.0 | 638.0 | 638.0 | 638.0 | 670.0 | 670.0 | 670.0 | 670.0 |
| Soybean meal | 212.0 | 212.0 | 212.0 | 212.0 | 160.0 | 160.0 | 160.0 | 160.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| HI larva meal | 0.0 | 30.0 | 60.0 | 90.0 | 0.0 | 30.0 | 60.0 | 90.0 | 0.0 | 30.0 | 60.0 | 90.0 |
| Bran | 42.5 | 42.5 | 42.5 | 42.5 | 36.3 | 36.3 | 36.3 | 36.3 | 66.2 | 66.2 | 66.2 | 66.2 |
| Corn gluten meal | 90.0 | 60.0 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 90.0 | 60.0 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 90.0 | 60.0 | 30.0 | 0.0 |
| Soybean oil | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 28.5 | 28.5 | 28.5 | 28.5 | 34.5 | 34.5 | 34.5 | 34.5 |
| Dicalcium phosphate | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Calcium carbonate | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 17.4 |
| Sodium chloride | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| DL-methionine | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| L-lysine | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.5 |
| Mineral-vitamin premixb | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Choline chloride | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Optifos 250 bro | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Avizyme 1500× | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Titanium dioxide | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| Total | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 |
| AMEnc, kcal/kg | 2,897 | 2,892 | 2,888 | 2,884 | 2,994 | 2,990 | 2,986 | 2,981 | 3,052 | 3,048 | 3,044 | 3,040 |
| Nutrient compositiond | ||||||||||||
| DM, % | 89.3 | 89.8 | 90.1 | 89.7 | 88.8 | 89.2 | 89.1 | 89.1 | 88.7 | 89.0 | 89.3 | 88.9 |
| CP, % DM | 25.1 | 24.7 | 25.2 | 24.8 | 23.0 | 22.5 | 22.5 | 22.4 | 20.2 | 20.2 | 20.1 | 20.1 |
| EE, % DM | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 7.7 |
| NDF, % DM | 12.7 | 12.3 | 12.7 | 12.4 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 13.1 | 12.7 | 12.9 |
| ADF, % DM | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 |
| Ash, % DM | 5.6 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 6.7 |
| Fatty acid composition, % of total FAME | ||||||||||||
| SFA | 19.0 | 20.7 | 23.9 | 26.9 | 17.7 | 20.2 | 22.5 | 25.5 | 17.3 | 19.4 | 22.2 | 23.7 |
| MUFA | 27.6 | 26.1 | 25.5 | 24.6 | 25.8 | 24.9 | 24.2 | 23.5 | 24.9 | 24.8 | 23.8 | 23.8 |
| PUFA | 52.8 | 52.6 | 49.9 | 47.9 | 55.9 | 54.4 | 52.7 | 50.5 | 57.2 | 55.3 | 53.5 | 51.8 |
| PUFA/SFA | 2.78 | 2.54 | 2.08 | 1.78 | 3.15 | 2.69 | 2.34 | 1.98 | 3.31 | 2.85 | 2.40 | 2.18 |
| ∑n-3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 5.0 |
| ∑n-6 | 49.1 | 48.9 | 46.1 | 44.3 | 51.6 | 49.9 | 48.2 | 46.1 | 52.3 | 50.4 | 47.9 | 46.4 |
| ∑n-6/∑n-3 | 14.88 | 14.38 | 13.56 | 13.42 | 12.58 | 11.88 | 11.76 | 11.24 | 11.62 | 11.20 | 9.04 | 9.28 |
HI Hermetia illucens, AMEn apparent metabolisable energy, DM dry matter, CP crude protein, EE ether extract, NDF neutral detergent fiber, ADF acid detergent fiber, FAME fatty acid methyl esters, SFA saturated fatty acids, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids
aFour dietary treatments: HI0 = control; HI3 = 3% inclusion level of Hermetia illucens; HI6 = 6% inclusion level of Hermetia illucens; HI9 = 9% inclusion level of Hermetia illucens
bMineral-vitamin premix: vitamin A (retinyl acetate), 12,500 IU; vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 3,500 IU; vitamin E (DL-a-tocopheryl acetate), 40 mg; vitamin K (menadione sodium bisulfite), 2.0 mg biotin, 0.20 mg; thiamine, 2.0 mg; riboflavin, 6.0 mg; pantothenate, 15.21 mg; niacin, 40.0 mg; choline, 750.0 mg pyridoxine, 4.0 mg; folic acid, 0.75 mg; vitamin B12, 0.03 mg; Mn, 70 mg; Zn, 62.15 mg; Fe, 50.0 mg; Cu, 7.0 mg; I, 0.25 mg; Se, 0.25 mg
cCalculated according to Schiavone et al. [23] for HI meal and INRA [28] for the other ingredients
dThe chemical analyses were carried out on three replicates of each feed sample